Scientists find evidence the early solar system harbored a gap between
its inner and outer regions
The cosmic boundary, perhaps caused by a young Jupiter or a wind from the solar system emerging, likely shaped the composition of infant planets.

Date:
October 15, 2021
Source:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Summary:
In the early solar system, a 'protoplanetary disk' of dust and gas
rotated around the sun and eventually coalesced into the planets
we know today. A new study suggests that a mysterious gap existed
within this disk around 4.567 billion years ago, and likely shaped
the composition of the solar system's infant planets.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
In the early solar system, a "protoplanetary disk" of dust and gas rotated around the sun and eventually coalesced into the planets we know today.


==========================================================================
A new analysis of ancient meteorites by scientists at MIT and elsewhere suggests that a mysterious gap existed within this disk around 4.567
billion years ago, near the location where the asteroid belt resides
today.

The team's results, appearing today in Science Advances, provide direct evidence for this gap.

"Over the last decade, observations have shown that cavities, gaps,
and rings are common in disks around other young stars," says Benjamin
Weiss, professor of planetary sciences in MIT's Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (EAPS). "These are important but
poorly understood signatures of the physical processes by which gas and
dust transform into the young sun and planets." Likewise the cause of
such a gap in our own solar system remains a mystery. One possibility is
that Jupiter may have been an influence. As the gas giant took shape,
its immense gravitational pull could have pushed gas and dust toward
the outskirts, leaving behind a gap in the developing disk.

Another explanation may have to do with winds emerging from the surface
of the disk. Early planetary systems are governed by strong magnetic
fields. When these fields interact with a rotating disk of gas and dust,
they can produce winds powerful enough to blow material out, leaving
behind a gap in the disk.



========================================================================== Regardless of its origins, a gap in the early solar system likely
served as a cosmic boundary, keeping material on either side of it from interacting. This physical separation could have shaped the composition
of the solar system's planets. For instance, on the inner side of the
gap, gas and dust coalesced as terrestrial planets, including the Earth
and Mars, while gas and dust relegated to the farther side of the gap
formed in icier regions, as Jupiter and its neighboring gas giants.

"It's pretty hard to cross this gap, and a planet would need a lot of
external torque and momentum," says lead author and EAPS graduate student
Caue^ Borlina.

"So, this provides evidence that the formation of our planets was
restricted to specific regions in the early solar system." Weiss and
Borlina's co-authors include Eduardo Lima, Nilanjan Chatterjee, and Elias Mansbach of MIT, James Bryson of Oxford University, and Xue-Ning Bai of Tsinghua University.

A split in space Over the last decade, scientists have observed a
curious split in the composition of meteorites that have made their
way to Earth. These space rocks originally formed at different times
and locations as the solar system was taking shape. Those that have
been analyzed exhibit one of two isotope combinations. Rarely have
meteorites been found to exhibit both -- a conundrum known as the
"isotopic dichotomy." Scientists have proposed that this dichotomy may
be the result of a gap in the early solar system's disk, but such a gap
has not been directly confirmed.



========================================================================== Weiss' group analyzes meteorites for signs of ancient magnetic fields. As
a young planetary system takes shape, it carries with it a magnetic
field, the strength and direction of which can change depending on
various processes within the evolving disk. As ancient dust gathered
into grains known as chondrules, electrons within chondrules aligned
with the magnetic field in which they formed.

Chondrules can be smaller than the diameter of a human hair, and are found
in meteorites today. Weiss' group specializes in measuring chondrules
to identify the ancient magnetic fields in which they originally formed.

In previous work, the group analyzed samples from one of the two isotopic groups of meteorites, known as the noncarbonaceous meteorites. These
rocks are thought to have originated in a "reservoir," or region of
the early solar system, relatively close to the sun. Weiss' group
previously identified the ancient magnetic field in samples from this
close-in region.

A meteorite mismatch In their new study, the researchers wondered
whether the magnetic field would be the same in the second isotopic, "carbonaceous" group of meteorites, which, judging from their isotopic composition, are thought to have originated farther out in the solar
system.

They analyzed chondrules, each measuring about 100 microns, from two carbonaceous meteorites that were discovered in Antarctica. Using the superconducting quantum interference device, or SQUID, a high-precision microscope in Weiss' lab, the team determined each chondrule's original, ancient magnetic field.

Surprisingly, they found that their field strength was stronger than that
of the closer-in noncarbonaceous meteorites they previously measured. As
young planetary systems are taking shape, scientists expect that the
strength of the magnetic field should decay with distance from the sun.

In contrast, Borlina and his colleagues found the far-out chondrules
had a stronger magnetic field, of about 100 microteslas, compared to
a field of 50 microteslas in the closer chondrules. For reference,
the Earth's magnetic field today is around 50 microteslas.

A planetary system's magnetic field is a measure of its accretion rate,
or the amount of gas and dust it can draw into its center over time. Based
on the carbonaceous chondrules' magnetic field, the solar system's outer
region must have been accreting much more mass than the inner region.

Using models to simulate various scenarios, the team concluded that
the most likely explanation for the mismatch in accretion rates is the existence of a gap between the inner and outer regions, which could
have reduced the amount of gas and dust flowing toward the sun from the
outer regions.

"Gaps are common in protoplanetary systems, and we now show that we had
one in our own solar system," Borlina says. "This gives the answer to
this weird dichotomy we see in meteorites, and provides evidence that
gaps affect the composition of planets." This research was supported
in part by NASA, and the National Science Foundation.

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology. Original written by Jennifer
Chu. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Caue^ S. Borlina et al. Paleomagnetic evidence for a disk
substructure in
the early solar system. Science Advances, 2021 DOI: 10.1126/
sciadv.abj6928 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211015184250.htm

--- up 6 weeks, 1 day, 8 hours, 25 minutes
* Origin: -=> Castle Rock BBS <=- Now Husky HPT Powered! (1:317/3)