Tiny pterosaurs dominated Cretaceous skies
The babies of giant pterosaurs - known as flaplings - overshadowed their
small adult rivals.

Date:
October 27, 2021
Source:
University of Portsmouth
Summary:
The newly hatched juveniles of large and gigantic pterosaurs
likely out- competed other smaller adult pterosaur species to
dominate the Late Cretaceous period around 100 million years ago,
a new study has found.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The newly hatched juveniles of large and gigantic pterosaurs likely
outcompeted other smaller adult pterosaur species to dominate the Late Cretaceous period around 100 million years ago, a new study led by
researchers from the University of Portsmouth has found.


========================================================================== Pterosaurs were the flying cousins of dinosaurs -- some were as large
as a Spitfire fighter plane and others as small as a thrush.

During the Triassic and Jurassic periods, 252 -- 145 million years ago, pterosaurs reached only modest sizes, but by the Late Cretaceous period
many were giants -- some with a wingspan of 10 metres or more.

It had been previously thought that the smaller species of pterosaurs were outcompeted by newly evolving birds, but this research has found that
it was actually the babies of giant pterosaurs -- known as flaplings --
who overshadowed their small adult rivals.

Lead author, Roy Smith, from the University of Portsmouth's School of
the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, worked on the study with
scientists from Africa and the UK. The international team comprised
of experts from the universities of Cape Town, Leicester, Portsmouth
and Casablanca.

He said: "Over the last 10 years or so, we've been doing fieldwork
in Morocco's Sahara Desert and have discovered over 400 specimens of
pterosaurs from the Kem Kem Group, highly fossiliferous sandstones famous worldwide for the spectacular dinosaur Spinosaurus.



========================================================================== "We'd found some really big pterosaur jaws and also specimens that
looked like smaller jaws -- about the size of a fingernail -- but these
tiny pterosaur remains could have just been the tips of big jaws so we
had to do some rigorous testing to find out if they were from a small
species or from tiny juveniles of large and giant pterosaurs." Roy and
his colleagues examined five small jaw fragments and a neck vertebra
using sophisticated microscope techniques to determine the age of the individual when the animal died.

Co-investigator, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan, from the University of Cape Town
in South Africa, is a world expert on the bone microstructure (histology)
of pterosaurs and dinosaurs. She said: "By looking at the paper-thin
section of the bones under a microscope, I could tell that they were from juveniles as the bone was fast growing and didn't have many growth lines.

"We also examined the surface of the bones and found they had a rippled texture. This was further evidence they were the bones of immature
individuals as mature pterosaur bones have an incredibly smooth surface
once they are fully formed." The researchers also inspected the jaws
and found that the number of tiny holes where nerves come to the surface
for sensing their prey, known as 'foramina', were the same in the small
jaws and the big jaws.



========================================================================== "This was more proof we were looking at the jaws of juveniles because
if the specimens were just the tip of a jaw, there would be a fraction
of the number of foramina," said Roy.

Recent findings have suggested that hatchling pterosaurs could fly soon
after hatching so they were quickly independent.

Professor David Martill of the University of Portsmouth said: "What really surprised me about this research is that the feeding ecology of these magnificent flying animals is more like that of crocodiles than of birds.

"With birds, there will be perhaps 10 different species of different
sizes alongside a river bank -- think kingfisher, little bittern, little
egret, heron, goliath heron or stork for a large European river. There
are several species all feeding on slightly different prey. This is
called niche partitioning.

"Crocodiles on the other hand are much less diverse. On the river Nile, hatchling crocodiles feed on insects, and as they grow they change
their diet to small fish, then larger fish and then small mammals,
until a big adult Nile croc is capable of taking a zebra.

"There are lots of different feeding niches, but they are all occupied
by one species at different stages of its life history. It seems that pterosaurs did something rather similar, occupying different niches as
they grew -- a much more reptilian rather than avian life strategy.

"It's likely that the juvenile pterosaurs were feeding on small
prey such as freshwater insects, tiny fishes and amphibians. As
they grew they could take larger fishes -- and who knows --
the biggest pterosaurs might have been capable of eating small
species of dinosaurs, or the young of large dinosaur species." ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Portsmouth. Note:
Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Roy E. Smith, Anusuya Chinsamy, David M. Unwin, Nizar Ibrahim, Samir
Zouhri, David M. Martill. Small, immature pterosaurs from
the Cretaceous of Africa: implications for taphonomic bias and
palaeocommunity structure in flying reptiles. Cretaceous Research,
2021; 105061 DOI: 10.1016/ j.cretres.2021.105061 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211027122040.htm

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