Thriving in non-equilibrium
Computational studies of laser-induced non-equilibrium reveal new states
of matter

Date:
December 1, 2021
Source:
University of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center
Summary:
Researchers used the Frontera supercomputer to explore light-induced
superconductivity a pulsed laser, which is believed to be a
promising route to room-temperature superconductors. They found that
d-wave superconductivity can be enhanced by a pulsed laser, but the
light- enhanced superconductivity may be of fluctuating nature. The
project applied a recently developed exact diagonalization method
which allows precise calculations of up to a trillion matrix
elements, but requires large scale high performance computing.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Equilibrium may be hard to achieve in our lives, but it is the standard
state of nature.


==========================================================================
From the perspective of chemistry and physics, equilibrium is a bit dull
-- at least to Cheng-Chien Chen, assistant professor of physics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. His research tries to engineering
new states of matter and control these states by probing the possibilities
of non-equilibrium.

"One of our main goals is to see if, when we drive the electron system
to non- equilibrium, we can stabilize new phases that are absent in equilibrium, but that can become dominant at non-equilibrium," Chen
said. "This is one of the holy grails in non-equilibrium studies."
Recently, with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF),
Chen has been studying the effects of pump probe spectroscopy, which
uses ultrashort laser pulses to excite (pump) the electrons in a sample, generating a non- equilibrium state, while a weaker beam (probe) monitors
the pump-induced changes.

Chen's theoretical work suggests it is possible to generate
superconductivity at higher temperature than previously possible using
this method, opening the door to revolutionary new electronics and
energy devices.

Writing in Physical Review Letters in 2018, Chen and collaborator Yao Wang
from Clemson University showed that it was possible to generate d-wave superconductivity and make it the dominant phase using pump-probe systems.



==========================================================================
In a more recent publication in Physical Review X in November 2021, Chen
and Wang further showed that in some cases, while the d-wave pairing
strength can be enhanced, the resulting electron Cooper pairs become
localized instead of long-range correlated. Therefore, light-induced superconductivity may be of a fluctuating nature.

Chen uses supercomputers to simulate the quantum behavior of electrons
in non- equilibrium systems. His recent work uses Frontera, the fastest supercomputer at any university and the 13th fastest in the world. Chen
is currently a Frontera Leadership Resource Allocation awardee.

Typically, simulating quantum systems requires some level of
approximation.

However, in order to reveal the spatial fluctuation of a light-induced
state, Chen and Wang developed a new method which treats electron
interaction effects exactly and electron-lattice coupling with very
high numerical precision. They believe this precision makes an important difference for characterizing strongly-correlated systems.

"In quantum materials, like transition metal compounds, the interaction
between electrons is very strong, so we can no longer treat the electrons
as independent particles," he said.

He uses the analogy of a traveling vehicle to explain this kind of
system. On an empty highway, one can drive how one likes, independent of
other cars. But during a traffic jam, the motion of one car influences
all the others.

Electrons in highly-correlated systems are stuck in a massive traffic jam, giving them unique, and potentially controllable, characteristics.



==========================================================================
Chen calculates the behavior of individual electrons using a method
called large-scale matrix diagonalization -- a fundamental linear algebra operation with a wide range of applications in scientific computing that happens to be highly compute-intensive. The matrices he builds to track electrons is massive -- 34 billion times 34 billion, or over 1 trillion, elements -- and can only be studied on a computer of Frontera's size,
using more than tens of thousands of processors in parallel.

"It's a true quantum many-body simulation, with no approximation in
treating interactions," he explained.

Identifying potential new phases of matter -- which include exotic states
known as s-waves, d-waves, and p-waves -- is the first step. The next
step is producing and controlling these phases.

"We can suppress some phases, induce new ones, and selectively control the phase of matter with the laser pump by controlling the laser's frequency
and amplitude," he explained.

Superconductivity may sound like science fiction, but it is already
a critical component of quantum computers like IBM Q, maglev trains,
and MRI machines.

However, applications using superconductivity are not widespread.

"Materials need to be kept at very cold temperatures to
exhibit superconductivity and it takes a lot of energy," Chen
said. "Finding some way to stabilize superconductors, even as
a short-lived state, will open up many more opportunities for
applications." With Frontera, he has the ability to simulate what
would happen at extremely short timescales for non-equilibrium
systems, Chen said. "This will help us understand and eventually
control different novel phases for next-generation technologies." ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Texas_at_Austin,_Texas_Advanced_Computing Center. Original written by Aaron Dubrow. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Yao Wang, Tao Shi, Cheng-Chien Chen. Fluctuating Nature of
Light-Enhanced
d-Wave Superconductivity: A Time-Dependent Variational Non-Gaussian
Exact Diagonalization Study. Physical Review X, 2021; 11 (4) DOI:
10.1103/ PhysRevX.11.041028 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/12/211201111939.htm

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