Footprints from site a at Laetoli, Tanzania, are from early humans, not
bears
Findings provide conclusive evidence that multiple species of hominins co-existed on the landscape

Date:
December 1, 2021
Source:
Dartmouth College
Summary:
The oldest unequivocal evidence of upright walking in the human
lineage are footprints discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania in 1978,
by paleontologist Mary Leakey and her team. The bipedal trackways
date to 3.7 million years ago. Another set of mysterious footprints
was partially excavated at nearby Site A in 1976 but dismissed
as possibly being made by a bear. A recent re-excavation of the
Site A footprints at Laetoli and a detailed comparative analysis
reveal that the footprints were made by an early human -- a
bipedal hominin.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The oldest unequivocal evidence of upright walking in the human lineage
are footprints discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania in 1978, by paleontologist
Mary Leakey and her team. The bipedal trackways date to 3.7 million
years ago.

Another set of mysterious footprints was partially excavated at nearby
Site A in 1976 but dismissed as possibly being made by a bear. A
recent re-excavation of the Site A footprints at Laetoli and a detailed comparative analysis reveal that the footprints were made by an early
human -- a bipedal hominin, according to a new study reported in Nature.


========================================================================== "Given the increasing evidence for locomotor and species diversity in
the hominin fossil record over the past 30 years, these unusual prints
deserved another look," says lead author Ellison McNutt, an assistant
professor of instruction at the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine
at Ohio University.

She started the work as a graduate student in Ecology, Evolution,
Environment, and Society at Dartmouth College, where she focused on the biomechanics of walking in early humans and utilized comparative anatomy, including that of bears, to understand how the heel bone contacts the
ground (a foot position called "plantigrady").

McNutt was fascinated by the bipedal (upright walking) footprints
at Laetoli Site A. Laetoli is famous for its impressive trackway of
hominin footprints at Sites G and S, which are generally accepted as Australopithecus afarensis - - the species of the famous partial skeleton "Lucy." But because the footprints at Site A were so different, some researchers thought they were made by a young bear walking upright on
its hind legs.

To determine the maker of the Site A footprints, in June 2019, an
international research team led by co-author Charles Musiba, an associate professor of anthropology at University of Colorado Denver, went to
Laetoli, where they re- excavated and fully cleaned the five, consecutive footprints. They identified evidence that the fossil footprints were
made by a hominin -- including a large impression for the heel and the
big toe. The footprints were measured, photographed and 3D-scanned.

The researchers compared the Laetoli Site A tracks to the footprints of
black bears (Ursus americanus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and humans
(Homo sapiens).

They teamed up with co-authors Ben and Phoebe Kilham, who run the Kilham
Bear Center, a rescue and rehabilitation center for black bears in Lyme,
New Hampshire. They identified four semi-wild juvenile black bears at the Center, with feet similar in size to that of the Site A footprints. Each
bear was lured with maple syrup or apple sauce, to stand up and walk
on their two hind legs across a trackway filled with mud to capture
their footprints.

Over 50 hours of video on wild black bears was also obtained. The bears
walked on two feet less than 1% of the total observation time making it unlikely that a bear made the footprints at Laetoli, especially given
that no footprints were found of this individual walking on four legs.

As bears walk, they take very wide steps, wobbling back and forth," says
senior author Jeremy DeSilva, an associate professor of anthropology
at Dartmouth.

"They are unable to walk with a gait similar to that of the Site A
footprints, as their hip musculature and knee shape does not permit that
kind of motion and balance." Bear heels taper and their toes and feet are fan-like, while early human feet are squared off and have a prominent
big toe, according to the researchers. Curiously, though, the Site A
footprints record a hominin crossing one leg over the other as it walked
-- a gait called "cross-stepping." "Although humans don't typically cross-step, this motion can occur when one is trying to reestablish
their balance," says McNutt. "The Site A footprints may have been the
result of a hominin walking across an area that was an unlevel surface."
Based on footprints collected from semi-wild chimpanzees at Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda and two captive juveniles at Stony Brook University, the team found that chimpanzees have relatively narrow heels compared to their forefoot, a trait shared in common with bears. But the Laetoli footprints, including those at Site A, have wide heels relative
to their forefoot.

The Site A footprints also contained the impressions of a large hallux
(big toe) and smaller second digit. The size difference between the two
digits was similar to humans and chimpanzees, but not black bears. These details further demonstrate that the footprints were likely made by a
hominin moving on two legs. But in comparing the Laetoli footprints at
Site A and the inferred foot proportions, morphology and likely gait,
the results reveal that the Site A footprints are distinct from those
of Australopithecus afarensisat Sites G and S.

"Through this research, we now have conclusive evidence from the Site A footprints that there were different hominin species walking bipedally on
this landscape but in different ways on different feet," says DeSilva,
who focuses on the origins and evolution of human walking. "We've
had this evidence since the 1970s. It just took the rediscovery of
these wonderful footprints and a more detailed analysis to get us here." ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Dartmouth_College. Original written
by Amy Olson. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Related Multimedia:
* Mysterious_Footprints_in_Tanzania_Made_by_Early_Humans,_Not_Bears ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Ellison J. McNutt, Kevin G. Hatala, Catherine Miller, James Adams,
Jesse
Casana, Andrew S. Deane, Nathaniel J. Dominy, Kallisti Fabian,
Luke D.

Fannin, Stephen Gaughan, Simone V. Gill, Josephat Gurtu, Ellie
Gustafson, Austin C. Hill, Camille Johnson, Said Kallindo, Benjamin
Kilham, Phoebe Kilham, Elizabeth Kim, Cynthia Liutkus-Pierce,
Blaine Maley, Anjali Prabhat, John Reader, Shirley Rubin, Nathan
E. Thompson, Rebeca Thornburg, Erin Marie Williams-Hatala, Brian
Zimmer, Charles M. Musiba, Jeremy M. DeSilva. Footprint evidence
of early hominin locomotor diversity at Laetoli, Tanzania. Nature,
2021; DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021- 04187-7 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/12/211201111934.htm

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