New research makes waves tackling the future of tsunami monitoring and modeling

Date:
December 8, 2021
Source:
Virginia Tech
Summary:
Rising sea levels are already impacting coastal residents and
aggravating existing coastal hazards, such as flooding during high
tides and storm surges. New research indicates that future sea-level
rise will also have impacts on the heights of future tsunamis.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The coastal zone is home to over a billion people. Rising sea levels
are already impacting coastal residents and aggravating existing coastal hazards, such as flooding during high tides and storm surges.


========================================================================== However, new research by assistant professor Tina Dura and professor
Robert Weiss in the College of Science's Department of Geosciences
indicates that future sea-level rise will also have impacts on the
heights of future tsunamis.

"In 50 to 70 years, sea level is going to be significantly higher around
the world," said Dura, who is also an affiliate of the Center for Coastal Studies, an arm of the Fralin Life Sciences Institute. "If a tsunami
strikes in that time frame, the impacts that you're estimating for today
are going to be greater. I think that coastal geologists and modelers
alike need to consider sea-level rise in future models and hazards assessments." Their findings were published in Nature Communications.

Around the colloquial Ring of Fire, tectonic plates are colliding with the massive Pacific plate, resulting in seismic and volcanic activity. Because
the Ring of Fire encircles the Pacific Ocean, large earthquakes on its boundaries produce regional tsunamis and also distant-source tsunamis
that propagate across the Pacific Ocean and affect coastlines thousands
of miles away.

Off the coast of Alaska, colliding tectonic plates create a 2500-mile-long fault known as the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. Research shows that
the subduction zone can produce distant-source tsunamis that strike the
west coast of the United States, and in particular, Southern California.



==========================================================================
In 2013, the United States Geological Survey initiated a Science
Application for Risk Reduction project focused on a distant-source
tsunami originating along the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone and its
impacts in California.

The project found that a magnitude 9.1 earthquake could produce a distant- source tsunami with an amplitude of 3.2 feet at the ports of Los Angeles
and Long Beach, larger than any historical distant-source tsunami at
the ports, causing losses of up to $4.2 billion.

a) Map of Alaska showing the sections of the Alaska-Aleutian subduction
zone, earthquake boundaries, and approximate historical earthquake
extents. b) Light gray shaded area shows the U.S. Geological Survey
Science Application for Risk Reduction scenario magnitude 9.1 Semidi
section earthquake. c) Map of the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach
showing the location of gauges that measure water levels at the ports and maximum nearshore tsunami heights. d) Plot showing modeled earthquake magnitudes in the year 2000 with no tidal variability included (blue histogram), with tidal variability (green histogram), and the combined
tsunami heights and tidal variability (red histogram).

However, due to rising sea levels, this tsunami scenario at the ports
of Los Angeles and Long Beach will not be accurate in the long run.

Observations show that the world's temperatures are rising and sea levels
are following suit. It's not a question of whether sea level will continue
to rise but by how much.



==========================================================================
Dura and Weiss, along with colleagues from Rowan University, Rutgers University, Durham University, Nanyang Technological University, and the
United States Geological Survey, joined forces to combine distant-source tsunami modeling with future sea-level rise projections to see how rising
sea levels will influence tsunami heights in Southern California.

The group projected sea-level rise for the ports of Los Angeles and Long
Beach based on scenarios that factor in both low and high estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change mitigation strategies.

One scenario included mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions that resulted in minimal temperature and sea-level rise. Another scenario reflects a future with no mitigation efforts and high emissions, leading to a faster rise in temperatures and higher sea levels.

The group found that today, a magnitude 9.1 earthquake can produce
tsunami heights that exceed 3.2 feet at the ports. However, by 2100,
under high- emissions sea-level rise projections, a much smaller magnitude
8 earthquake will be able to produce a tsunami that exceeds 3.2 feet.

In other words, higher sea levels will make the ports more vulnerable to tsunamis produced by less powerful earthquakes. The results are especially concerning given the higher frequency of magnitude 8 earthquakes.

"A 9.1 is very, very rare," said Dura. "So today, the chances of having
a tsunami exceeding 3.2 feet at the ports is pretty small because
a very rare, very large earthquake would be required. But in 2100,
a magnitude 8, which happens around the Pacific Rim quite often, will
be able to exceed the same tsunami heights due to higher sea levels."
"This work really illustrates the potential for future tsunamis to become
far more destructive as sea levels rise, especially if we fail to reduce
future greenhouse gas emissions," said co-author Andra Garner, who is
an assistant professor studying sea-level rise at Rowan University. "The
good news is that the work also illustrates our ability to minimize future hazards, if we act to limit future warming and the amount by which future
sea levels increase." But knowing about these potentially devastating
tsunamis entails not just looking ahead, but looking back as well.

The United States Geological Survey Science Application for Risk Reduction project only considered an earthquake that occurred within the Semidi
section of the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. But since that initial
work, Dura and colleagues have published research that suggests other
sections of the subduction zone should be considered as well.

The Semidi section and the adjacent Kodiak section of the subduction
zone have produced historical earthquakes. In 1938, a magnitude 8.3
earthquake struck the Semidi section. In 1964, a magnitude 9.2 -- the
largest recorded earthquake to occur on the Alaska-Aleutian subduction
zone -- struck the Kodiak section and other sections to the east.

Because the earthquakes of 1938 and 1964 did not overlap, seismic
hazard maps labeled the area between them as a "persistent earthquake boundary." In other words, the risk of the region's greatest,
multi-section earthquakes was thought to be quite low.

"Although the 1964 earthquake rupture did not cross into the rupture
area of the 1938 earthquake, it is unclear if this has been the case
for earthquakes hundreds to thousands of years in the past. Should this
be considered a persistent boundary between earthquakes, or can there
be very large, multi- section earthquakes in this region? We wanted to
find out," said Dura.

To learn more about the seismic history of the Alaska-Aleutian subduction
zone, Dura and colleagues used 5 centimeter cookie-cutter-like cylinders
to collect core samples from wetlands that are peppered across the
proposed earthquake boundary.

The group then analyzed the soil layers contained in the cores to
identify instances of land-level change and tsunami inundation from
past earthquakes.

Through radiocarbon, cesium, and lead dating, the group was able to
build a timeline of past large earthquakes in the region.

Their research showed that multiple large earthquakes had spanned the
proposed earthquake boundary, which means that earthquakes that ruptured
both the Semidi and Kodiak sections of the subduction zone had occurred multiple times in the past.

"Our geologic data shows that earthquakes can span the Semidi and Kodiak sections," said Dura. "For this reason, we incorporated both single
and multi- section earthquakes into our distant-source tsunami modeling
for the ports. By including multi-section earthquakes in our modeling,
we believe the range of tsunami heights we estimate for the ports is a
step forward in our understanding of impacts of future tsunamis there."
The group's data will be included in hazard maps for southern Alaska
to help improve future modelling scenarios for the Alaska-Aleutian
subduction zone.

"Collaborations like ours that aim to integrate coastal geology,
earthquake modeling, and future projections of sea level are crucial
in developing a complete picture of future tsunami impacts at ports,"
said Weiss, director of the Center for Coastal Studies. "Increasing interdisciplinary research capacity, meaning the integration of scientific fields with each other that follow different governing paradigms, will
be the key to understanding the impacts that the changing Earth has on
our well-being and prosperity. Building interdisciplinary research teams
is difficult, and Virginia Tech's Center for Coastal Studies fulfills
a pivotal role bringing such teams together.

Fulfilling this team-building role not only enables studies such as ours,
but also helps Virginia Tech remain true to its motto, Ut Prosim (That
I May Serve)." In future projects, Dura, Weiss, and colleagues plan to incorporate distant- source tsunamis originating from other subduction
zones around the Ring of Fire into their modeling of tsunami impacts on
other coasts as well as the economic consequences of coastal inundation.

"With our new study, we provide an important framework for incorporating
sea- level rise into distant-source tsunami modeling, and we're excited
to continue building on these initial results," Dura said.

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Virginia_Tech. Original written by
Kendall Daniels. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Tina Dura, Andra J. Garner, Robert Weiss, Robert E. Kopp, Simon E.

Engelhart, Robert C. Witter, Richard W. Briggs, Charles
S. Mueller, Alan R. Nelson, Benjamin P. Horton. Changing impacts
of Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone tsunamis in California under
future sea-level rise.

Nature Communications, 2021; 12 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27445-8 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/12/211208090014.htm

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