Wastewater helps decipher the popularity of new synthetic drugs

Date:
December 8, 2021
Source:
American Chemical Society
Summary:
Over the years, hundreds of new synthetic drugs that mimic
the effects of illegal and legal substances have emerged. The
underground nature of each drug's development and distribution
makes its international popularity hard to track. Now, using
wastewater from the days near the 2021 New Year holiday, researchers
report an increased international usage of some synthetic drugs,
including eutylone and 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) compared to
the previous year.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
Over the years, hundreds of new synthetic drugs that mimic the effects of illegal and legal substances have emerged. The underground nature of each drug's development and distribution makes its international popularity
hard to track. Now, using wastewater from the days near the 2021 New Year holiday, researchers in ACS' Environmental Science & Technology Letters
report an increased international usage of some synthetic drugs, including eutylone and 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) compared to the previous year.


==========================================================================
New synthetic drugs, also known as new psychoactive substances (NPS),
include drugs made in clandestine labs without consistent methods or ingredients, as well as pharmaceuticals that are diverted into the
illegal NPS market. Abuse of these substances can lead to overdose
and death. NPS are tracked by forensic toxicologists, drug enforcement authorities and public health officials, but their global pervasiveness is still elusive because each agency obtains and stores their information in different ways, and not every user or dealer is identified. In contrast, wastewater epidemiology -- a comprehensive survey of community-level drug consumption or disease presence -- can provide widespread, consistent and
near real-time information. And because everyone goes to the restroom
at some point, all users are monitored with this analysis. Previously,
Richard Bade, Cobus Gerber and colleagues used this technique to find out
how popular various NPS were during the 2019-2020 New Year period in eight countries. However, with the regular variability of NPS distribution and
the COVID-19 pandemic's restrictions, the researchers wanted to track
which drugs were prevalent during the more recent New Year holiday,
adding additional sites and countries.

In the days surrounding Jan. 1, 2021, the researchers collected raw
wastewater samples from 25 treatment plants in 10 countries across
Asia, Oceana, Europe and North America. With liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, they searched for 27 unmetabolized NPS. Eleven of these
compounds were detected, with only one site in Fiji having no measurable
amount for any of the substances. The team found that most of the
compounds were synthetic cathinones, also known as "bath salts." Within
this class of NPS, methcathinone, eutylone and 3-MMC were detected most
often and had the highest per capita levels in wastewater.

However, methcathinone also can result from the degradation of two legal decongestants, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, so the researchers were
hesitant to link it only to illicit drug consumption. Finally, when the researchers compared the 2020-2021 New Year period to the prior year's
holiday, eutylone and 3-MMC had an increased international presence. They report that 3-MMC was found for the first time in New Zealand, despite international travel restrictions. By expanding the number of sites
and countries investigated, the researchers say they have provided new
insights into the constantly shifting global NPS consumption patterns.

The authors acknowledge funding from South Australia Health; European
Union's Justice Programme -- Drugs Policy Initiatives; Generalitat
Valenciana; and the Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems (CBET) Division of the U.S. National Science Foundation.

Two of the study's authors are co-founders of a company that provides commercial wastewater epidemiology services, and one of the authors is
the founder of a wastewater testing nonprofit project.

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by American_Chemical_Society. Note:
Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Richard Bade, Jason M. White, Maulik Ghetia, Santosh Adiraju,
Sangeet
Adhikari, Lubertus Bijlsma, Tim Boogaerts, Daniel A. Burgard, Sara
Castiglioni, Alberto Celma, Andrew Chappell, Adrian Covaci, Erin M.

Driver, Rolf U. Halden, Felix Hernandez, Heon-Jun Lee, Alexander
L. N.

van Nuijs, Jeong-Eun Oh, Marco A. Pineda Castro, Noelia Salgueiro-
Gonzalez, Bikram Subedi, Xue-Ting Shao, Viviane Yargeau, Ettore
Zuccato, Cobus Gerber. A Taste for New Psychoactive Substances:
Wastewater Analysis Study of 10 Countries. Environmental Science &
Technology Letters, 2021; DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00807 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/12/211208085951.htm

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