Safe drinking water remains out of reach for many Californians

Date:
January 11, 2022
Source:
University of California - Berkeley
Summary:
An estimated 370,000 Californians rely on drinking water that may
contain high levels of arsenic, nitrate or hexavalent chromium, and
contaminated drinking water disproportionately impact communities
of color in the state, finds a new analysis. Because this study is
limited to three common contaminants, results likely underestimate
the actual number of Californians impacted by unsafe drinking water.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
An estimated 370,000 Californians rely on drinking water that may contain
high levels of arsenic, nitrate or hexavalent chromium, and contaminated drinking water disproportionately impact communities of color in the
state, finds a new analysis led by researchers at the University of
California, Berkeley, and the University of California, Los Angeles.


========================================================================== Because this study is limited to three common contaminants, results
likely underestimate the actual number of Californians impacted by
unsafe drinking water from other compounds for which data are not as
widely available, the researchers say.

Since 2012, access to safe, clean and affordable drinking water has been recognized as a human right in the state of California. Community water
systems are required by federal regulations to undergo regular testing for contaminants that are harmful to human health. However, many California community water systems do not meet regulatory standards. In addition,
many largely rural households receive their tap water from private
domestic wells that remain largely unregulated.

This study, published in the current edition of the American Journal
of Public Health, is the first to quantify the average concentrations
of multiple chemical contaminants in both community water systems and
domestic well areas statewide and is the first to systematically analyze demographic disparities in drinking water quality across the state.

The authors stress that addressing inequities in access to safe, clean
drinking water will only become more urgent as climate change brings
prolonged droughts and limits water availability in the state.

"California's Human Right to Water Law articulates the right to clean
and affordable drinking water for people served by both community
water systems and domestic wells, but implementing this right is a
significant challenge for people who rely on domestic wells because of
the lack of regulatory infrastructure," said study co-senior author Rachel Morello-Frosch, a professor of public health and of environmental science, policy and management at UC Berkeley. "Our data strongly indicate that
a large number of people who rely on domestic wells are likely drinking
water with high levels of contaminants and suggest locations where we
should begin targeted assessments to ensure that the human right to water
is fully implemented." To conduct the study, the researchers combined
data on the state's community water systems, domestic well permits,
residential tax parcels, building footprints and census results to
locate California households likely to be served by unregulated domestic
wells. They then used measurements of drinking water and groundwater contamination throughout the state to estimate contaminant levels for
those served by both community water systems and domestic wells.



==========================================================================
The study focused on three chemical contaminants based on their prevalence
in the state, as well as on their known toxicity. Arsenic is found
naturally in groundwater and can be concentrated by depletion of the water table. Nitrate contamination of groundwater is common in agricultural
regions due to fertilizer runoff and industrial animal farming. Hexavalent chromium is produced by industrial and manufacturing activities.

According to the analysis, approximately 1.3 million Californians --
nearly 3 1/2% percent -- rely on domestic wells for their water supply. Of
the estimated 370,000 Californians whose water supply was found to likely contain high concentrations of arsenic, nitrate or hexavalent chromium,
more than 150,000 are served by domestic wells. Information on domestic
well water quality continues to be lacking, but closing this data gap
is crucial to ensuring all Californians know what is in their water and
if it is safe to drink, the researchers say.

"I think a lot of people might be surprised to learn that, given how
wealthy the state of California is, we still don't have universal access
to clean drinking water," said study co-senior author Lara Cushing,
an assistant professor of environmental health sciences at UCLA. "For
the three chemical contaminants that we looked at, we found that places
with a higher proportion of people of color experienced greater levels
of drinking water contamination.

This pattern has already been documented in community water systems, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley, but our work is one of the first
to examine the question statewide and among domestic well communities
not served by public water systems." The study was carried out by UC
Berkeley and UCLA scientists in collaboration with researchers at the California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) and the Community
Water Center. The team has released an online Drinking Water Tool that policymakers and members of the public can use to look up where their
water comes from, as well as map areas of the state where groundwater
sources are likely contaminated with unsafe levels of arsenic, nitrate, hexavalent chromium and 1,2,3-Trichrolopropane.

"The goal of the Drinking Water Tool is to provide timely access to
data that can inform efforts to protect the state's drinking water
and groundwater supplies, particularly in disadvantaged communities
where the threats are greatest," said study first author Clare Pace,
a postdoctoral scientist at UC Berkeley. "We'd like to continue to
refine the Drinking Water Tool in collaboration with the Community
Water Center and in response to feedback from other organizations and decision-makers who can help ground-truth the data." The tool also
allows users to compare drinking and groundwater quality information
with data on community demographics across the state and models how
drought conditions may impact water availability for domestic wells and community water systems that serve fewer than 10,000 people.

"In this era of climate change, our groundwater is becoming an
increasingly precious resource, and we're facing historic levels of
drought and well failures. Even if a well doesn't fail, drawdown of
the water table can impact water quality by concentrating contaminants,
making these problems even worse," Cushing said.

Co-authors of the study include Carolina Balazs and Komal Bangia from
the CalEPA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Nicholas
Depsky from UC Berkeley and Adriana Renteria, previously of the Community
Water Center.

This work was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Award P42ES004705, and by a California Proposition 1 Sustainable Groundwater Planning Grant Award 4600012684.

special promotion Explore the latest scientific research on sleep and
dreams in this free online course from New Scientist -- Sign_up_now_>>> academy.newscientist.com/courses/science-of-sleep-and-dreams ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
University_of_California_-_Berkeley. Original written by Kara Manke. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Clare Pace, Carolina Balazs, Komal Bangia, Nicholas Depsky, Adriana
Renteria, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Lara J. Cushing. Inequities in
Drinking Water Quality Among Domestic Well Communities and Community
Water Systems, California, 2011‒2019. American Journal of
Public Health, 2022; 112 (1): 88 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2021.306561 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/01/220111153647.htm

--- up 5 weeks, 3 days, 7 hours, 13 minutes
* Origin: -=> Castle Rock BBS <=- Now Husky HPT Powered! (1:317/3)