Cosmic 'spider' found to be source of powerful gamma-rays

Date:
January 12, 2022
Source:
Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA)
Summary:
Astronomers have discovered the first example of a binary system
where a star in the process of becoming a white dwarf is orbiting
a neutron star that has just finished turning into a rapidly
spinning pulsar. The pair is a 'missing link' in the evolution of
such binary systems.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Using the 4.1-meter SOAR Telescope in Chile, astronomers have discovered
the first example of a binary system where a star in the process of
becoming a white dwarf is orbiting a neutron star that has just finished turning into a rapidly spinning pulsar. The pair, originally detected by
the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, is a "missing link" in the evolution
of such binary systems.


==========================================================================
A bright, mysterious source of gamma rays has been found to be a rapidly spinning neutron star -- dubbed a millisecond pulsar -- that is orbiting
a star in the process of evolving into an extremely-low-mass white
dwarf. These types of binary systems are referred to by astronomers as "spiders" because the pulsar tends to "eat" the outer parts of the
companion star as it turns into a white dwarf.

The duo was detected by astronomers using the 4.1-meter SOAR Telescope on
Cerro Pacho'n in Chile, part of Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
(CTIO), a Program of NSF's NOIRLab.

NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has been cataloging objects in
the Universe that produce copious gamma rays since its launch in 2008,
but not all of the sources of gamma rays that it detects have been
classified. One such source, called 4FGL J1120.0-2204 by astronomers,
was the second brightest gamma-ray source in the entire sky that had
gone unidentified, until now.

Astronomers from the United States and Canada, led by Samuel Swihart of
the US Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., used the Goodman Spectrograph on the SOAR Telescope to determine the true identity of 4FGL J1120.0-2204. The gamma-ray source, which also emits X-rays, as observed
by NASA's Swift and ESA's XMM-Newton space telescopes, has been shown
to be a binary system consisting of a "millisecond pulsar" that spins
hundreds of times per second, and the precursor to an extremely-low-mass
white dwarf. The pair are located over 2600 light-years away.

"Michigan State University's dedicated time on the SOAR Telescope, its
location in the southern hemisphere and the precision and stability of
the Goodman spectrograph, were all important aspects of this discovery,"
says Swihart.



========================================================================== "This is a great example of how mid-sized telescopes in general, and SOAR
in particular, can be used to help characterize unusual discoveries made
with other ground and space-based facilities," notes Chris Davis, NOIRLab Program Director at US National Science Foundation. "We anticipate
that SOAR will play a crucial role in the follow-up of many other
time-variable and multi-messenger sources over the coming decade."
The optical spectrum of the binary system measured by the Goodman
spectrograph showed that light from the proto-white dwarf companion
is Doppler shifted - - alternately shifted to the red and the blue -- indicating that it orbits a compact, massive neutron star every 15 hours.

"The spectra also allowed us to constrain the approximate temperature
and surface gravity of the companion star," says Swihart, whose team
was able to take these properties and apply them to models describing
how binary star systems evolve. This allowed them to determine that the companion is the precursor to an extremely-low-mass white dwarf, with a
surface temperature of 8200 DEGC (15,000 DEGF), and a mass of just 17%
that of the Sun.

When a star with a mass similar to that of the Sun or less reaches
the end of its life, it will run out of the hydrogen used to fuel the
nuclear fusion processes in its core. For a time, helium takes over and
powers the star, causing it to contract and heat up, and prompting its expansion and evolution into a red giant that is hundreds of millions
of kilometers in size.

Eventually, the outer layers of this swollen star can be accreted onto a
binary companion and nuclear fusion halts, leaving behind a white dwarf
about the size of Earth and sizzling at temperatures exceeding 100,000
DEGC (180,000 DEGF).

The proto-white dwarf in the 4FGL J1120.0-2204 system hasn't finished
evolving yet. "Currently it's bloated, and is about five times larger in
radius than normal white dwarfs with similar masses," says Swihart. "It
will continue cooling and contracting and, in about two billion years,
it will look identical to many of the extremely low mass white dwarfs
that we already know about." Millisecond pulsars twirl hundreds of times
every second. They are spun up by accreting matter from a companion,
in this case from the star that became the white dwarf. Most millisecond pulsars emit gamma rays and X-rays, often when the pulsar wind, which is
a stream of charged particles emanating from the rotating neutron star, collides with material emitted from a companion star.

About 80 extremely low-mass white dwarfs are known, but "this is the
first precursor to an extremely low-mass white dwarf found that is likely orbiting a neutron star," says Swihart. Consequently, 4FGL J1120.0-2204
is a unique look at the tail-end of this spin-up process. All the other
white dwarf-pulsar binaries that have been discovered are well past the spinning-up stage.

"Follow-up spectroscopy with the SOAR Telescope, targeting
unassociated Fermi gamma-ray sources, allowed us to see that
the companion was orbiting something," says Swihart. "Without
those observations, we couldn't have found this exciting system." ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Association_of_Universities_for_Research_in_Astronomy_ (AURA). Note:
Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Related Multimedia:
*
Artist's_impression_of_evolving_white_dwarf_and_millisecond_pulsar_binary
system ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Samuel J. Swihart, Jay Strader, Elias Aydi, Laura Chomiuk,
Kristen C.

Dage, Adam Kawash, Kirill V. Sokolovsky, Elizabeth C. Ferrara. 4FGL
J1120.0-2204: A Unique Gamma-ray Bright Neutron Star Binary with
an Extremely Low Mass Proto-White Dwarf. The Astrophysical Journal,
2022 [abstract] ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/01/220112145057.htm
--- up 5 weeks, 4 days, 7 hours, 13 minutes
* Origin: -=> Castle Rock BBS <=- Now Husky HPT Powered! (1:317/3)