Dissolving oil in a sunlit sea
Sunlight can help dissolve oil into seawater

Date:
February 16, 2022
Source:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Summary:
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill was the largest marine oil
spill in United States history. The disaster was caused by an
explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, taking 11 lives and
releasing nearly 210 million gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of
Mexico. Twelve years and hundreds of millions of dollars later,
scientists are still working to understand where all this oil
ended up, a concept known as environmental fate.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill was the largest marine oil spill
in United States history. The disaster was caused by an explosion on
the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, taking 11 lives and releasing nearly 210
million gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Twelve years and
hundreds of millions of dollars later, scientists are still working to understand where all this oil ended up, a concept known as environmental
fate.


==========================================================================
The most commonly discussed fates of oil spilled at sea are biodegradation (microorganisms consuming and breaking down the oil), evaporation
(liquid oil becoming a gas), and oil stranding on shorelines.

But a team of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) researchers have discovered that nearly 10 percent of the oil floating on the Gulf after
the Deepwater Horizon disaster was dissolved into seawater by sunlight --
a process called "photo-dissolution." The findings were published today
in the paper "Sunlight-driven dissolution is a major fate of oil at sea" inScience Advances.

"The amount of oil that was transformed by sunlight into compounds that dissolved in seawater during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill rivals
that of commonly accepted oil fates, like biodegradation and stranding
on shorelines" said co-author Collin Ward, assistant scientist in WHOI's
Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department.

"One of the most fascinating aspects of this finding is that it might
impact our understanding of where else the oil is going, and whether
the result is good or bad," said lead author Danielle Haas Freeman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/WHOI Joint Program student. "If
this sizable fraction of oil is being transformed by sunlight and is
dissolving into seawater, that might mean that less oil is ending up in
other places, like sensitive coastal ecosystems.

However, we have to consider the impacts of the compounds on marine
organisms before we can decide if the net result is positive or negative."
To arrive at this important finding, Freeman and Ward used custom-built
light- emitting diode (LED) reactors to measure how the rate of this
oil fate varies for different types of light, such as ultraviolet and
visible light.



==========================================================================
"The process of oil photo-dissolution has actually been known for over
fifty years,'' said Ward. "But what's new here is our understanding how
this process varies with light wavelength, which we determined using
the LED reactors. This is the key piece of information that allowed us
to estimate the importance of this process during a spill." The novel measurements using the LEDs also provided an opportunity to determine
which conditions were most important in controlling this process. The team created hypothetical spill scenarios with varying oil slick thicknesses,
times of the year, locations around the world, and types of light. What
they noticed was that some of these changing conditions mattered more
than others.

"The importance of this process changes dramatically if you are looking
at thin versus thick oil slicks," said Freeman. "We also found, contrary
to popular belief, that this process is relevant in Arctic waters,
a particularly important finding given the expected increase in cargo
ship traffic and heightened risk of spills in that region. This kind of modeling is critical when forecasting spills and considering the impacts
on marine ecosystems." The notion that ocean surface oil could have
a new fate is monumental for framing the future of oil spill studies
and spill response tactics. It is currently unknown what the fate and
potential toxicity of these sunlight- produced compounds are, posing a challenge in assessing the impacts of this oil fate. Freeman and Ward
encourage the field to gravitate towards these gaps in knowledge.

"While our findings suggest that a substantial fraction of surface oil
can dissolve into the ocean after sunlight exposure, a logical next step
is to evaluate its persistence and potential harm to aquatic animals,"
Ward said.



==========================================================================
Key Takeaways: -A team of WHOI researchers discovered that nearly 10
percent of the oil floating on the Gulf of Mexico after the Deepwater
Horizon spill was dissolved into seawater by sunlight -- a process
called photo-dissolution.

-Photo-dissolution is fast enough to impact oil spilled in arctic waters,
an important finding given the expected increase in cargo ship traffic
and heightened risk of spills in that region.

-The persistence and toxicity of these sunlight-generated compounds are currently unknown and represent key research priorities moving forward.


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style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Danielle Haas Freeman, Collin P. Ward. Sunlight-driven dissolution
is a
major fate of oil at sea. Science Advances, 2022; 8 (7) DOI:
10.1126/ sciadv.abl7605 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220216144928.htm

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