Knots smaller than human hair make materials unusually tough

Date:
March 9, 2023
Source:
California Institute of Technology
Summary:
A micro-architected material made from tiny knots proves tougher
and more durable than unknotted counterparts.


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FULL STORY ==========================================================================
In the latest advance in nano- and micro-architected materials, engineers
at Caltech have developed a new material made from numerous interconnected microscale knots.


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The knots make the material far tougher than identically structured but unknotted materials: they absorb more energy and are able to deform more
while still being able to return to their original shape undamaged. These
new knotted materials may find applications in biomedicine as well as in aerospace applications due to their durability, possible biocompatibility,
and extreme deformability.

"The capability to overcome the general trade-off between material deformability and tensile toughness [the ability to be stretched without breaking] offers new ways to design devices that are extremely flexible, durable, and can operate in extreme conditions," says former Caltech
graduate student Widianto P. Moestopo (MS ' 19, PhD '22), now at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Moestopo is the lead author of a paper
on the nanoscale knots that was published on March 8 in Science Advances.

Moestopo helped develop the material in the lab of Julia R. Greer,
the Ruben F.

and Donna Mettler Professor of Materials Science, Mechanics and Medical Engineering; Fletcher Jones Foundation director of the Kavli Nanoscience Institute; and senior author of the Science Advancespaper. Greer is
at the forefront of the creation of such nano-architected materials,
or materials whose structure is designed and organized at a nanometer
scale and that consequently exhibit unusual, often surprising properties.

"Embarking on understanding how the knots would affect the mechanical
response of micro-architected materials was a new out-of-the-box idea,"
Greer says. "We had done extensive research on studying the mechanical deformation of many other types of micro-textiles, for example, lattices
and woven materials.

Venturing into the world of knots allowed us to gain deeper insights into
the role of friction and energy dissipation, and proved to be meaningful."
Each knot is around 70 micrometers in height and width, and each fiber
has a radius of around 1.7 micrometers (around one-hundredth the radius
of a human hair). While these are not the smallest knots ever made --
in 2017 chemists tied a knot made from an individual strand of atoms --
this does represent the first time that a materialcomposed of numerous
knots at this scale has ever been created. Further, it demonstrates
the potential value of including these nanoscale knots in a material --
for example, for suturing or tethering in biomedicine.

The knotted materials, which were created out of polymers, exhibit a
tensile toughness that far surpasses materials that are unknotted but
otherwise structurally identical, including ones where individual strands
are interwoven instead of knotted. When compared to their unknotted counterparts, the knotted materials absorb 92 percent more energy and
require more than twice the amount of strain to snap when pulled.

The knots were not tied but rather manufactured in a knotted state by
using advanced high-resolution 3D lithography capable of producing
structures in the nanoscale. The samples detailed in the Science
Advancespaper contain simple knots -- an overhand knot with an extra twist
that provides additional friction to absorb additional energy while the material is stretched. In the future, the team plans to explore materials constructed from more complex knots.

Moestopo's interest in knots grew out of research he was conducting
in 2020 during the COVID-19 lockdowns. "I came across some works from researchers who are studying the mechanics of physical knots as opposed to knots in a purely mathematical sense. I do not consider myself a climber,
a sailor, or a mathematician, but I have tied knots throughout my life, so
I thought it was worth trying to insert knots into my designs," he says.

* RELATED_TOPICS
o Matter_&_Energy
# Materials_Science # Nanotechnology # Civil_Engineering
# Engineering_and_Construction # Physics # Chemistry #
Weapons_Technology # Engineering
* RELATED_TERMS
o Knot_theory o Parachute o Triboelectric_effect o Concrete
o Density o Tensile_strength o Glass o Chelation

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
California_Institute_of_Technology. Original written by Robert
Perkins. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Widianto P. Moestopo, Sammy Shaker, Weiting Deng, Julia
R. Greer. Knots
are not for naught: Design, properties, and topology of hierarchical
intertwined microarchitected materials. Science Advances, 2023;
9 (10) DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6725 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230309164732.htm

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