Breakthrough research examines the effects introduced animals had on Madagascar's extinct megafauna
Analysis reveals that extinct megafauna and domestic animals overlapped
on Madagascar

Date:
July 27, 2021
Source:
University of California - Santa Barbara
Summary:
Madagascar is renowned for its unique and varied biodiversity,
which spans dry grasslands, wet rain forests, mangroves and
deserts. This variety, combined with the island's isolation and
size, has fostered distinctive assemblages of plants and animals,
including the country's famous lemurs and baobab trees.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Madagascar is renowned for its unique and varied biodiversity, which spans
dry grasslands, wet rain forests, mangroves and deserts. This variety,
combined with the island's isolation and size, has fostered distinctive assemblages of plants and animals, including the country's famous lemurs
and baobab trees.


==========================================================================
Yet until relatively recently, Madagascar was even more diverse. Species
like the elephant bird, dwarf hippo and giant lemurs inhabited the island within the past 2,000 years. The causes and timeline of their extinctions
are intertwined with the arrival of humans and the animals we brought
with us, a topic that has challenged scientists for decades. Now this is
the focus of two studies led by UC Santa Barbara anthropology doctoral
student Sean Hixon.

"Madagascar's remarkable biodiversity is threatened, yet people have
lived on the island for over a millennium," Hixon said. "A long-term understanding of how people and introduced species shaped Madagascar's ecosystems gives important context to the current crisis." "Because
this is an island that has so much biodiversity, and so much of that biodiversity is native only to Madagascar -- is highly endemic -- the
question has always been what impact has human arrival had on this large, biodiverse island," added co-author Kristina Douglass, an archeologist
at Pennsylvania State University.

The new studies have finally answered some of these questions by analyzing different isotopes of nitrogen and carbon in ancient animal remains. In
the process, the team nearly doubled the number of reliably radiocarbon
dated traces of past human activity from the island.

The most recent study, which appears in the Proceedings of the Royal
Society B, establishes an overlap between the arrival of domesticated herbivores and the continued existence of some of the region's
megafauna. It then compares the animals' ecological niches and discusses
how they may have influenced one another. The other paper, published
in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, details how dogs interacted with Madagascar's ancient ecosystems and compares them to the island's native
top predator, the fosa.



==========================================================================
"The extinction of large-bodied animals sometime in the past 1,000 years
has always been a very contentious debate," Douglass explained. "And
what we've done in this paper, for the first time, is really look at
how much interaction there was between animals that people brought and
those that ended up going extinct to see if any kind of competition
or interactions played a role." Ultimately, the researchers confirmed
that most of Madagascar's recently extinct megafauna briefly co-occurred
with introduced species, meaning that the newcomers likely contributed
to their demise. "We found that a series of disappearances of large
endemic animals -- including giant tortoises, elephant birds, pygmy
hippos and giant lemurs -- coincides with the arrival of goats, sheep,
bush pigs and cattle in southern and western Madagascar between 1,200
and 700 years ago," Hixon said.

However, the results suggest that direct competition may not have been
what drove the island's large herbivores over the edge. Rather, indirect impacts like changing habitats and an expanding human population could
have had more pronounced effects.

A time and a place Although the earliest traces of human activity on
Madagascar are subject to debate, some estimates of human arrival suggest
that people were perhaps present on the island as long as 10,000 years
ago. At some point dogs and livestock joined them.



========================================================================== Hixon and his team sought to determine whether these domesticated animals
even crossed paths with the island's megafauna. Settling this question
required dating as many bone samples as possible, both from the field
and from collections, using radiocarbon analysis.

Atoms of a given element all have the same number of positive protons;
indeed, this number defines an element. But they can vary in the number
of chargeless neutrons in their nuclei, giving the different isotopes
slightly different weights. Scientists can glean a lot of information
by analyzing these ratios.

For example, a living organism will have a similar proportion of stable
carbon- 12 to radioactive carbon-14 as its environment. However, after
death, the creature can no longer replenish the decaying 14C. So,
scientists can use the ratio between the two isotopes to estimate the
age of organic matter.

Hixon and his colleagues used this approach to date 83 introduced animals
(dogs and livestock) and 75 endemic animals. They found that the two
groups did overlap in time and space, and statistical analysis suggests
that all the regional extinctions occurred within the span of 500 years, between A.D. 800 and 1300. These are the first papers to show an overlap between human- introduced animals and Malagasy megafauna, Hixon and
Douglass said.

This is a significant finding in a line of research that has been plagued
by a paucity of data. Malagasy specimens are uncommon, and many are poorly documented, Hixon explained. What's more, carbon dating is expensive.

Commercial services can cost more than $500 for a single
sample. Fortunately, Penn State has the facilities to do this in house,
and co-author Douglas Kennett (Hixon's advisor) has recently established
a lab at UC Santa Barbara to prepare specimens for this technique.

Still, radiocarbon dating cost the team over $100 per specimen. Given
the cost and facilities this requires, it's a significant issue in terms
of scientific and cultural equity for researchers and communities in
regions with fewer resources invested in the paleosciences, the authors
said. These two studies alone have increased the number of reliably dated traces of past human activity from the island by more than 75%. "So this
is a massive contribution and increase in just building up the chronology
for human arrival and activity in Madagascar," Douglass said.

Diets and interactions The team also analyzed ratios between two stable isotopes of both carbon and nitrogen to investigate the ecology of
ancient animals. Ratios of carbon isotopes are sensitive to the type of photosynthesis different plants employ.

Woody plants, like trees and shrubs, tend to use C3
photosynthesis. Grasses and the succulents of the island's southwest
tend to employ C4 and CAM photosynthesis, respectively, which use
different enzymes.

The pathways differ slightly in their tendency to incorporate different
carbon isotopes into biomass: C3 plants have a lower ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 compared to their C4 and CAM relatives. By analyzing a sample's
13C to 12C ratio, the researchers could learn about an herbivore's diet
and the type of ecosystem it likely inhabited: open grasslands or dense forests. They could also extend this information to carnivores, like
dogs and fosa, by extrapolating from the types of herbivores they ate.

The nitrogen isotopes also provided the team with information on animals' ecological niches. Animals higher on the food chain tend to have tissues enriched in heavier 15N, as opposed to 14N.

The stable isotopes revealed a mixture of overlapping and non-overlapping niches between the endemic megafauna and the introduced herbivores. For example, goats appear to have eaten similar forage to the island's giant tortoises and pygmy hippos. Zebu and sheep likely relied significantly
more on succulents and grasses than did any of the island's endemic
megafauna, especially the giant lemurs and elephant birds.

Meanwhile, the analysis reveals stark contrasts between introduced
dogs and endemic fosa. Ancient fosa primarily consumed forest-dwelling
animals, while dogs relied more heavily on prey from relatively open
habitats and possibly food scraps from people. "Dogs certainly arrived
in time to help people hunt megafauna," Hixon said, "and could have
interacted with some of the extinct giant lemurs. But the data suggests
that dogs weren't consistently eating any of the extinct megafauna."
Despite the often distinct diets of introduced and endemic animals, the introduction of new species to the island could still have contributed
to the extinction of Madagascar's megafauna. It is easy to construct a simplified concept of extinctions based on direct impacts like overhunting
or direct competition, but the process can be much more subtle. "People
are extremely good at settling new places, in the sense of creating a
niche that suits them," Douglass said. "And not only just suits people,
but suits the animals that people rely on." For instance, expanding
zebu herds could have impacted the island's native animals even if
they ate different plants. Their presence may still have threatened the megafauna through indirect competition if people were clearing land for
grazing and occasionally hunting megafauna. And the success of the zebu
would have fostered human population growth, with all the impacts it
entails. Indirect interactions such as these could account for a period
of coexistence between humans and Malagasy megafauna.

Understanding a process like extinction will require looking at many
different angles. "It's not just that people arrived on Madagascar, it's
that people arrived and then were experimenting with different kinds of livelihoods," Douglass added. "And each of those different livelihoods
had different types of impacts on the environment." Continuing to unravel
the past There's evidence that Madagascar was also experiencing climatic changes around the time of human arrival. The recent studies don't exclude
the possibility that environmental changes may have contributed to the
demise of the island's megafauna. In fact, the team just submitted a
paper investigating how endemic and introduced herbivores responded
to drying conditions in the island's southwest during the past 1,600
years. And competition between plants, as well as human land use, could
have contributed to historical vegetation changes.

Hixon, Douglass and their co-authors have many plans for future
research. To start, they want to look at specimens from more areas of the island. These papers were mostly limited to the country's arid southwest,
where specimens preserve well. However, Madagascar hosts an astounding diversity of ecosystems that researchers have yet to fully explore.

Hixon plans to further investigate the island's ancient food webs. He
is curious to learn more about when introduced mice and rats arrived
on the island, how they likely interacted with endemic small mammals,
and how they responded to past vegetation and climate change.

Douglass' lab has begun using remote sensing technology to predict the locations of undiscovered archeological settlements and signatures of
land use change in the Southwest. She's curious if pastoralists living
in particular places for generations have altered the soil chemistry
and distribution of different vegetation types.

This research also has potential applications beyond its importance
in documenting the culture, history and ecology of the island. As
a biodiversity hotspot, Madagascar's ecosystems are critical areas
for conservation, and there is ongoing work to rewild parts of the
island. For instance, giant tortoises have already been reintroduced to
western Madagascar from Aldabra Atoll in the western Indian Ocean.

"The type of work that we're doing is important for the
long-term success of efforts like this," Hixon said, "because
if we don't understand why the animals disappeared in the first
place, it's pretty unlikely that reintroduction efforts will work." ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
University_of_California_-_Santa_Barbara. Original written by Harrison
Tasoff. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Sean W. Hixon, Kristina G. Douglass, Brooke E. Crowley, Lucien Marie
Aime' Rakotozafy, Geoffrey Clark, Atholl Anderson, Simon Haberle,
Jean Freddy Ranaivoarisoa, Michael Buckley, Salomon Fidiarisoa,
Balzac Mbola, Douglas J. Kennett. Late Holocene spread of
pastoralism coincides with endemic megafaunal extinction on
Madagascar. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,
2021; 288 (1955): 20211204 DOI: 10.1098/ rspb.2021.1204 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/07/210727163233.htm

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