Elephants strive to cooperate with allies, until the stakes get too high
In a two-elephant rope-pulling task, cooperation broke down if one
partner could monopolize the food

Date:
September 28, 2021
Source:
PLOS
Summary:
Asian elephants are keen to cooperate with friends and have
evolved strategies to mitigate competition in their social groups,
but cooperation breaks down when food resources are limited,
according to new research. The study sheds light on the evolution
of cooperative behavior in mammals.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Asian elephants are keen to cooperate with friends and have evolved
strategies to mitigate competition in their social groups, but
cooperation breaks down when food resources are limited, according
to a study publishing September 28th in the open-access journal PLOS
Biology by Li-Li Li at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Yunnan, China,
and colleagues. The study sheds light on the evolution of cooperative
behavior in mammals.


==========================================================================
The researchers tested nine semi-wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
at the Myaing Hay Wun Elephant Camp in Yangon, Myanmar with a simple,
open access cooperative task. The elephants were offered two trays of
food, which could only be accessed by pulling two ropes simultaneously -
a task requiring two trunks.

They found that pairs of elephants successfully cooperated in 80%
of trials.

Some elephants tried to cheat, for example by "freeloading" and stealing
part of the reward from another cooperating pair. While competitive
behaviours were common, elephants used mitigation strategies -- such
as fighting back or moving sides -- to prevent cheating and maintain cooperation.

Next, the researchers repeated the trials with a single food tray,
meaning that one partner could dominate the reward, leaving the other
with no food. In this more competitive scenario, elephants showed more
costly competitive behaviors, like fighting, to gain access to the reward,
and cooperation quickly broke down.

This the first experiment to test elephants in a rope-pulling cooperative
task, but similar results have been found for non-human primates,
suggesting that distantly related species have convergently evolved
similar strategies to maintain cooperation in their social groups, the
authors say. Unlike many primates, elephants are generalist browsers
and grazers that are unlikely to encounter monopolizable food resources
in the wild, which may explain why cooperation broke down in the more competitive scenario.

"We found that Asian elephants have a diverse repertoire of behaviors to
use when cooperating with others, and are careful about how to mitigate competition based on their relationships," adds Li. "This is an exciting demonstration of how flexible and socially intelligent elephants are!" ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by PLOS. Note: Content may be edited
for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Li-Li Li, Joshua M. Plotnik, Shang-Wen Xia, Estelle Meaux, Rui-Chang
Quan. Cooperating elephants mitigate competition until the stakes
get too high. PLOS Biology, 2021; 19 (9): e3001391 DOI: 10.1371/
journal.pbio.3001391 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/09/210928141845.htm

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