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  • Obvious Violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

    From Pentcho Valev@21:1/5 to All on Mon Sep 5 13:44:31 2022
    "However, in experiments in which a capacitor is submerged in a dielectric liquid [e.g. deionized water] the force per unit area exerted by one plate on another is observed to decrease. [...] This apparent paradox can be explained by taking into account
    the DIFFERENCE IN LIQUID PRESSURE in the field filled space between the plates and the field free region outside the capacitor." http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/jk1/lectures/node46.html

    The submerged capacitor experiment obviously violates the second law of thermodynamics. If a small hole is punched in one of the plates, the high interplate pressure will produce a permanent flow through the hole. This flow can be harnessed to do work,
    at the expense of ambient heat.

    Water in an electric field automatically becomes a perpetual-motion machine of the second kind. Vigorous motion is generated that can do work (e.g. by rotating waterwheels) at the expense of ambient heat (there is no other source of usable energy):

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17UD1goTFhQ

    See more here: https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev

    Pentcho Valev

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  • From Pentcho Valev@21:1/5 to All on Tue Sep 6 05:55:03 2022
    Countless materials reversibly contract and then swell as a chemical agent (e.g. hydrogen ions) is added to and then removed from the system:

    https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Illustration-of-a-volume-transition-in-a-cross-linked-polybase-network-triggered-by-a-pH_fig1_47426820

    These materials can, in principle, convert ambient heat into work cyclically and isothermally, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics. Here are two illustrations of how, by adding and removing hydrogen ions (H+), one can extract work from pH-
    sensitive polymers:

    Figure 4 here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1367611/pdf/biophysj00645-0017.pdf

    Figure 16A here: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jp972167t.

    Adding and removing H+, per se, consumes no work if done QUASISTATICALLY. This means that the work lost e.g. in adding is compensated by the work gained in removing, and the net work involved is zero. So lifting a weight is the net work extracted from
    the cycle. The second law of thermodynamics is clearly violated.

    More here: https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev

    Pentcho Valev

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