• Deadly Nightshade

    From Ed Cryer@21:1/5 to All on Sat Oct 5 18:40:08 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    Belladonna
    It acquired its alter name in the middle ages, when women used it
    because of how it dilates the pupils, making them more sexy.
    Beautiful Lady.

    Pagan.
    In Latin "paganus" meant "villager" or "peasant". That's what Cicero
    would have understood. But early Christians used it as a depreciatory
    term for those who stuck to polytheistic or pre-Christian beliefs; the
    gods of Old Rome.

    Is there a technical term for this way that words mutate in meaning?
    Do people know other examples?

    Ed

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Stefan Ram@21:1/5 to Ed Cryer on Sat Oct 5 18:04:49 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    Ed Cryer <ed@somewhere.in.the.uk> wrote or quoted:
    Is there a technical term for this way that words mutate in meaning?

    In linguistics, when a word goes south and starts to bum people
    out over time, that's called pejoration or semantic degradation.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Bertel Lund Hansen@21:1/5 to Ed Cryer on Sat Oct 5 20:39:19 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    Ed Cryer wrote:

    Is there a technical term for this way that words mutate in meaning?
    Do people know other examples?

    Ed

    You can take all the words for psychological problems or lack of
    intelligence (with a vague definition).

    In Danish the expression "pendulum words" are used about words who get
    the opposite meaning. I don't know English examples, but a Danish
    expression is "godt 100" - literally "good 100" - which means a little
    more than 100. Within the last 20 years it became clear that some Danes
    thought that it meant a little less than 100. So today one has to be
    careful when using that expression.

    --
    Bertel
    Kolt, Denmark

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Silvano@21:1/5 to All on Sat Oct 5 20:37:20 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    Ed Cryer hat am 05.10.2024 um 19:40 geschrieben:
    Belladonna
    It acquired its alter name in the middle ages, when women used it
    because of how it dilates the pupils, making them more sexy.
    Beautiful Lady.

    Pagan.
    In Latin "paganus" meant "villager" or "peasant". That's what Cicero
    would have understood. But early Christians used it as a depreciatory
    term for those who stuck to polytheistic or pre-Christian beliefs; the
    gods of Old Rome.

    Is there a technical term for this way that words mutate in meaning?

    I don't know it, but I'm sure there is one.


    Do people know other examples?

    Sorry, at the moment I can remember only some examples in Italian and
    German.
    I stopped reading sci.lang after a very short time because there was
    nothing but crosspostings to AUE.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From bertietaylor@21:1/5 to All on Sat Oct 5 21:57:29 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    What's the difference between "pagan" and "heathen"?

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From HenHanna@21:1/5 to Bertel Lund Hansen on Sat Oct 5 22:31:34 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Sat, 5 Oct 2024 18:39:19 +0000, Bertel Lund Hansen wrote:

    Ed Cryer wrote:

    Belladonna
    It acquired its alter name in the middle ages, when women used it
    because of how it dilates the pupils, making them more sexy.
    Beautiful Lady.


    Pagan.
    In Latin "paganus" meant "villager" or "peasant". That's what Cicero
    would have understood. But early Christians used it as a depreciatory
    term for those who stuck to polytheistic or pre-Christian beliefs; the
    gods of Old Rome.



    Is there a technical term for this way that words mutate in meaning?
    Do people know other examples? Ed



    You can take all the words for psychological problems or lack of
    intelligence (with a vague definition).

    In Danish the expression "pendulum words" are used about words who get
    the opposite meaning. I don't know English examples, but a Danish
    expression is "godt 100" - literally "good 100" - which means a little
    more than 100. Within the last 20 years it became clear that some Danes thought that it meant a little less than 100. So today one has to be
    careful when using that expression.


    Girl, Nice, neat, gay, Negro, ...

    it'd be Hard to find words with NO semantic shift?



    the one kind of semantic shift i really enjoyed
    learning about is [Grammaticization]



    ____________________________

    Silly are the goddy tawdry maudlin for they shall christgeewhiz bow down
    before him: bedead old men, priest and prester, babeling a
    pitterpatternoster: no word is still the word, but, a loafward has
    become lord.

    Ronald Suffield, “The Tenth Beatitude”




    Pejoration is the process by which a word’s meaning worsens or
    degenerates, coming to represent something less favorable than it
    originally did. Most of the words in Suffield’s poem have undergone pejoration.




    Word Old Meaning
    affection “emotion”
    deer “animal”
    forest “countryside”
    girl “a young person”
    starve “to die”


    Word Old Meaning
    undertaker “entrepreneur”
    doctor “teacher”


    Word Old Meaning
    enthusiasm “abuse”
    guts (“courage”) “entrails”
    pastor “shepherd”
    pluck (“spirit”) “act of tugging”
    queen “woman”



    Word Old Meaning
    crafty “strong”
    cunning “knowing”
    egregious “distinguished, standing out from the herd”
    harlot “a boy”
    notorious “famous”
    obsequious “flexible”
    vulgar “popular”


    Word Old Meaning
    counterfeit “an original”
    garble “to sort out”
    manufacture “to make by hand”


    lusty means sex-obsessed today???

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Steve Hayes@21:1/5 to All on Sun Oct 6 07:52:17 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Sat, 5 Oct 2024 18:40:08 +0100, Ed Cryer <ed@somewhere.in.the.uk>
    wrote:

    Belladonna
    It acquired its alter name in the middle ages, when women used it
    because of how it dilates the pupils, making them more sexy.
    Beautiful Lady.

    Pagan.
    In Latin "paganus" meant "villager" or "peasant". That's what Cicero
    would have understood. But early Christians used it as a depreciatory
    term for those who stuck to polytheistic or pre-Christian beliefs; the
    gods of Old Rome.

    Pagan - origin of the term.
    Source: Fox, "Christian & Pagans" 1987:30.
    "In antiquity, pagans already owed a debt to Christians.
    Christians first gave them their name, pagani... In everyday
    use, it meant either a civilian or a rustic. Since the
    sixteenth century the origin of the early Christians' usage
    has been disputed, but of the two meanings, the former is the
    likelier. Pagani were civilians who had not enlisted through
    baptism as soldiers of Christ against the powers of Satan. By
    its word for non-believers, Christian slang bore witness to
    the heavenly battle which coloured Christians' view of life."


    --
    Steve Hayes from Tshwane, South Africa
    Web: http://www.khanya.org.za/stevesig.htm
    Blog: http://khanya.wordpress.com
    E-mail - see web page, or parse: shayes at dunelm full stop org full stop uk

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Steve Hayes@21:1/5 to bertietaylor on Sun Oct 6 07:59:22 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Sat, 5 Oct 2024 21:57:29 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    What's the difference between "pagan" and "heathen"?

    That depends on who's using the words, and for what. Context makes a
    big difference.


    --
    Steve Hayes from Tshwane, South Africa
    Web: http://www.khanya.org.za/stevesig.htm
    Blog: http://khanya.wordpress.com
    E-mail - see web page, or parse: shayes at dunelm full stop org full stop uk

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From bertietaylor@21:1/5 to Steve Hayes on Sun Oct 6 06:12:31 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 5:59:22 +0000, Steve Hayes wrote:

    On Sat, 5 Oct 2024 21:57:29 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    What's the difference between "pagan" and "heathen"?

    That depends on who's using the words, and for what. Context makes a
    big difference.

    Is Arindam (the greatest genius of all time and sole god among lotsa
    devils) a pagan or heathen or both as per his hostiles?

    We his cyberdoggies are keen to know.

    Woof-woof

    Bertietaylor


    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Ross Clark@21:1/5 to Steve Hayes on Sun Oct 6 20:18:12 2024
    XPost: alt.language.latin

    On 6/10/2024 6:52 p.m., Steve Hayes wrote:
    On Sat, 5 Oct 2024 18:40:08 +0100, Ed Cryer <ed@somewhere.in.the.uk>
    wrote:

    Belladonna
    It acquired its alter name in the middle ages, when women used it
    because of how it dilates the pupils, making them more sexy.
    Beautiful Lady.

    Pagan.
    In Latin "paganus" meant "villager" or "peasant". That's what Cicero
    would have understood. But early Christians used it as a depreciatory
    term for those who stuck to polytheistic or pre-Christian beliefs; the
    gods of Old Rome.

    Pagan - origin of the term.
    Source: Fox, "Christian & Pagans" 1987:30.
    "In antiquity, pagans already owed a debt to Christians.
    Christians first gave them their name, pagani... In everyday
    use, it meant either a civilian or a rustic. Since the
    sixteenth century the origin of the early Christians' usage
    has been disputed, but of the two meanings, the former is the
    likelier. Pagani were civilians who had not enlisted through
    baptism as soldiers of Christ against the powers of Satan. By
    its word for non-believers, Christian slang bore witness to
    the heavenly battle which coloured Christians' view of life."

    OED's etymological note:

    The semantic development of post-classical Latin paganus in the sense ‘non-Christian, heathen’ is unclear.....

    There are three main explanations of the development:

    (i) The older sense of classical Latin pāgānus is ‘of the country, rustic’ (also as noun). It has been argued that the transferred use
    reflects the fact that the ancient idolatry lingered on in the rural
    villages and hamlets after Christianity had been generally accepted in
    the towns and cities of the Roman Empire; compare Orosius Histories 1.
    Prol. ‘Ex locorum agrestium compitis et pagis pagani vocantur.’

    (ii) The more common meaning of classical Latin pāgānus is ‘civilian, non-militant’ (adjective and noun). Christians called themselves mīlitēs ‘enrolled soldiers’ of Christ, members of his militant church, and
    applied to non-Christians the term applied by soldiers to all who were
    ‘not enrolled in the army’.

    (iii) The sense ‘heathen’ arose from an interpretation of paganus as denoting a person who was outside a particular group or community, hence
    ‘not of the city’ or ‘rural’; compare Orosius Histories 1. Prol. ‘qui alieni a civitate dei..pagani vocantur.’ See C. Mohrmann Vigiliae
    Christianae vol. 6 (1952) 9ff.
    [Thus people from outside the city -- the City of God.]

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Ruud Harmsen@21:1/5 to All on Sun Oct 6 13:03:21 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    Sat, 5 Oct 2024 20:39:19 +0200: Bertel Lund Hansen
    <rundtosset@lundhansen.dk> scribeva:

    Ed Cryer wrote:

    Is there a technical term for this way that words mutate in meaning?
    Do people know other examples?

    Ed

    You can take all the words for psychological problems or lack of
    intelligence (with a vague definition).

    In Danish the expression "pendulum words" are used about words who get
    the opposite meaning. I don't know English examples, but a Danish
    expression is "godt 100" - literally "good 100" - which means a little
    more than 100.

    Goed 100, een goede 100 mensen. In Dutch too.

    Within the last 20 years it became clear that some Danes
    thought that it meant a little less than 100. So today one has to be
    careful when using that expression.

    Krap 10 (Dutch), knapp 10 (German).
    --
    Ruud Harmsen, https://rudhar.com

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Ruud Harmsen@21:1/5 to All on Sun Oct 6 13:00:59 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    Sat, 5 Oct 2024 18:40:08 +0100: Ed Cryer <ed@somewhere.in.the.uk>
    scribeva:

    Belladonna
    It acquired its alter name in the middle ages, when women used it
    because of how it dilates the pupils, making them more sexy.
    Beautiful Lady.

    Pagan.
    In Latin "paganus" meant "villager" or "peasant". That's what Cicero
    would have understood. But early Christians used it as a depreciatory
    term for those who stuck to polytheistic or pre-Christian beliefs; the
    gods of Old Rome.

    Is there a technical term for this way that words mutate in meaning?

    A shift in meaning.

    Do people know other examples?

    There are myriads. It happens all the time. Consult any etymology in Wiktionary, for example.
    --
    Ruud Harmsen, https://rudhar.com

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Bertel Lund Hansen@21:1/5 to Ruud Harmsen on Sun Oct 6 13:41:24 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    Ruud Harmsen wrote:

    Krap 10 (Dutch), knapp 10 (German).

    Knap 10 (Danish).

    --
    Bertel
    Kolt, Denmark

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Steve Hayes@21:1/5 to bertietaylor on Sun Oct 6 15:23:29 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 06:12:31 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 5:59:22 +0000, Steve Hayes wrote:

    On Sat, 5 Oct 2024 21:57:29 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    What's the difference between "pagan" and "heathen"?

    That depends on who's using the words, and for what. Context makes a
    big difference.

    Is Arindam (the greatest genius of all time and sole god among lotsa
    devils) a pagan or heathen or both as per his hostiles?

    Impossible to answer without a potted biography. He could be a Pathan
    for all I know.


    --
    Steve Hayes from Tshwane, South Africa
    Web: http://www.khanya.org.za/stevesig.htm
    Blog: http://khanya.wordpress.com
    E-mail - see web page, or parse: shayes at dunelm full stop org full stop uk

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Kerr-Mudd, John@21:1/5 to Bertel Lund Hansen on Sun Oct 6 16:05:51 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 13:41:24 +0200
    Bertel Lund Hansen <rundtosset@lundhansen.dk> wrote:

    Ruud Harmsen wrote:

    Krap 10 (Dutch), knapp 10 (German).

    Knap 10 (Danish).

    In English, we have Crap (rubbish, poo) and, rarer, Knap (to hone a flint
    to a point). So no crosssover there.
    10 is 'ten'. HTH.

    --
    Bah, and indeed Humbug.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From HVS@21:1/5 to Ed Cryer on Sun Oct 6 15:24:53 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On 05 Oct 2024, Ed Cryer wrote

    Belladonna
    It acquired its alter name in the middle ages, when women used it
    because of how it dilates the pupils, making them more sexy.
    Beautiful Lady.

    Pagan.
    In Latin "paganus" meant "villager" or "peasant". That's what
    Cicero would have understood. But early Christians used it as a
    depreciatory term for those who stuck to polytheistic or
    pre-Christian beliefs; the gods of Old Rome.

    Is there a technical term for this way that words mutate in
    meaning? Do people know other examples?

    There are many popular "now here's a funny thing" books out there on
    etymology which cover this. A promising one (that I haven't seen) might
    be "The Accidental Dictionary" by Paul Anthony Jones (2016). Examples
    from that -- taken from the description on the Guardian Bookshop site
    -- include "buxom used to mean obedient"; "a cloud was a rock"; "nice
    meant ignorant"; "glamour was magic", and so on.

    I've only read reviews rather than the book itself, but it could be
    useful -- 100 words in 224 pages, which gives more breathing space than
    just another "today's meaning/old meaning" list.

    [pet peeve time]

    Most books of this sort -- which I suspect AUE readers often find under
    the Christmas tree from well-meaning family and friends -- are aimed at
    the easily bored, and seldom cite sources for their statements of fact,
    often skating over most of the nuance or context of a word's evolution.

    Take, for example, the statement that "Buxom used to mean obedient".
    It can't be faulted on accuracy, but it's only part of the story, as
    the word's meaning obviously didn't just jump from "obedient" to "full- bosomed".

    It took centuries to evolve from the "obedient, pliant" meaning (which
    applied equally to men and women) to the current gender-specific sense
    of "full-bosomed", by way of "submissive, humble, meek", to "gracious, courteous, affable", on to "blithe, jolly", and then to "bright,
    lively" and "full of health", vigorous", eventually reaching "plump and
    comely" in the late C19, and finally becoming "full-bosomed" in the
    second half of the C20.

    Which makes a list that says not a lot more than "Buxom used to mean
    obedient" rather thin stuff.

    [end of pet peeve]

    --
    Cheers, Harvey

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Kerr-Mudd, John@21:1/5 to Steve Hayes on Sun Oct 6 16:13:33 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Sun, 06 Oct 2024 15:23:29 +0200
    Steve Hayes <hayesstw@telkomsa.net> wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 06:12:31 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 5:59:22 +0000, Steve Hayes wrote:

    On Sat, 5 Oct 2024 21:57:29 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    What's the difference between "pagan" and "heathen"?

    That depends on who's using the words, and for what. Context makes a
    big difference.

    Is Arindam (the greatest genius of all time and sole god among lotsa >devils) a pagan or heathen or both as per his hostiles?

    Impossible to answer without a potted biography. He could be a Pathan
    for all I know.


    Seems to me be a dog worshipper.

    (FU just to AUE, a place for posting anti-einstein "theories" (read
    inertial mis-understandings)




    --
    Bah, and indeed Humbug.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Steve Hayes@21:1/5 to All on Sun Oct 6 19:51:29 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Sun, 06 Oct 2024 15:24:53 +0100, HVS <office@REMOVETHISwhhvs.co.uk>
    wrote:

    [pet peeve time]

    Most books of this sort -- which I suspect AUE readers often find under
    the Christmas tree from well-meaning family and friends -- are aimed at
    the easily bored, and seldom cite sources for their statements of fact,
    often skating over most of the nuance or context of a word's evolution.

    Take, for example, the statement that "Buxom used to mean obedient".
    It can't be faulted on accuracy, but it's only part of the story, as
    the word's meaning obviously didn't just jump from "obedient" to "full- >bosomed".

    It took centuries to evolve from the "obedient, pliant" meaning (which >applied equally to men and women) to the current gender-specific sense
    of "full-bosomed", by way of "submissive, humble, meek", to "gracious, >courteous, affable", on to "blithe, jolly", and then to "bright,
    lively" and "full of health", vigorous", eventually reaching "plump and >comely" in the late C19, and finally becoming "full-bosomed" in the
    second half of the C20.

    And "glamour" still does mean magic in some contexts, and the
    "prestige" is the equivalent of the punch line in a magic trick.


    --
    Steve Hayes from Tshwane, South Africa
    Web: http://www.khanya.org.za/stevesig.htm
    Blog: http://khanya.wordpress.com
    E-mail - see web page, or parse: shayes at dunelm full stop org full stop uk

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From guido wugi@21:1/5 to All on Sun Oct 6 20:57:19 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    Op 6/10/2024 om 13:00 schreef Ruud Harmsen:
    Sat, 5 Oct 2024 18:40:08 +0100: Ed Cryer <ed@somewhere.in.the.uk>
    scribeva:

    Belladonna
    It acquired its alter name in the middle ages, when women used it
    because of how it dilates the pupils, making them more sexy.
    Beautiful Lady.

    Pagan.
    In Latin "paganus" meant "villager" or "peasant". That's what Cicero
    would have understood. But early Christians used it as a depreciatory
    term for those who stuck to polytheistic or pre-Christian beliefs; the
    gods of Old Rome.

    Is there a technical term for this way that words mutate in meaning?
    A shift in meaning.

    Do people know other examples?
    There are myriads. It happens all the time. Consult any etymology in Wiktionary, for example.

    And across languages, ex.:

    E NL D
    slim slim schlimm
    weird worden werden
    eerie erg arg
    worry wurgen würgen
    clean klein klein
    small smal schmal
    ask eisen heischen
    eventually eventueel eventuell
    leap lopen laufen
    spring springen springen
    die doden töten
    draw dragen tragen
    etc enz usw

    --
    guido wugi

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Ed Cryer@21:1/5 to All on Sun Oct 6 19:26:27 2024
    XPost: alt.language.latin

    Um9zcyBDbGFyayB3cm90ZToNCg0KPiANCj4gKGlpKSBUaGUgbW9yZSBjb21tb24gbWVhbmlu ZyBvZiBjbGFzc2ljYWwgTGF0aW4gcMSBZ8SBbnVzIGlzIOKAmGNpdmlsaWFuLCANCj4gbm9u LW1pbGl0YW504oCZIChhZGplY3RpdmUgYW5kIG5vdW4pLiBDaHJpc3RpYW5zIGNhbGxlZCB0 aGVtc2VsdmVzIG3Eq2xpdMSTcyANCj4g4oCYZW5yb2xsZWQgc29sZGllcnPigJkgb2YgQ2hy aXN0LCBtZW1iZXJzIG9mIGhpcyBtaWxpdGFudCBjaHVyY2gsIGFuZCANCj4gYXBwbGllZCB0 byBub24tQ2hyaXN0aWFucyB0aGUgdGVybSBhcHBsaWVkIGJ5IHNvbGRpZXJzIHRvIGFsbCB3 aG8gd2VyZSANCj4g4oCYbm90IGVucm9sbGVkIGluIHRoZSBhcm154oCZLg0KPiANCj4NCg0K Tm8uICJNaWxpdGVzIENocmlzdGkiIGJlbG9uZ3MgdG8gYSBtdWNoIGxhdGVyIGFnZTsgdGhl IENydXNhZGVzLg0KU2NvdXIgdGhlIHBhZ2VzIG9mIFRlcnR1bGxpYW4sIFN0IEF1Z3VzdGlu ZSwgb3RoZXIgQ2h1cmNoIEZhdGhlcnMsIGFuZCANCnlvdSB3b24ndCBmaW5kIGl0IGNvbW1v bmx5IHVzZWQsIGlmIGF0IGFsbC4gTm90IGV2ZW4gYWZ0ZXIgQ29uc3RhbnRpbmUncyANCnZp Y3RvcnkgYXQgdGhlIE1pbHZpYW4gQnJpZGdlLg0KDQpFZA0K

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From bertietaylor@21:1/5 to Steve Hayes on Sun Oct 6 21:08:23 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 13:23:29 +0000, Steve Hayes wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 06:12:31 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 5:59:22 +0000, Steve Hayes wrote:

    On Sat, 5 Oct 2024 21:57:29 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    What's the difference between "pagan" and "heathen"?

    That depends on who's using the words, and for what. Context makes a
    big difference.

    Is Arindam (the greatest genius of all time and sole god among lotsa >>devils) a pagan or heathen or both as per his hostiles?

    Impossible to answer without a potted biography. He could be a Pathan
    for all I know.

    Are Pathans pagan or heathen?

    Arindam is a satya-yuga person. That is, he resides in the 100% good
    state unlike the present general state k'li yuga which generally is less
    than 25% good.

    When someone has no use for evil and sin is that person a pagan or a
    heathen?

    Can the great theological minds of the Occident provide an answer?


    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Steve Hayes@21:1/5 to bertietaylor on Mon Oct 7 04:08:29 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 21:08:23 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 13:23:29 +0000, Steve Hayes wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 06:12:31 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 5:59:22 +0000, Steve Hayes wrote:

    On Sat, 5 Oct 2024 21:57:29 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    What's the difference between "pagan" and "heathen"?

    That depends on who's using the words, and for what. Context makes a
    big difference.

    Is Arindam (the greatest genius of all time and sole god among lotsa >>>devils) a pagan or heathen or both as per his hostiles?

    Impossible to answer without a potted biography. He could be a Pathan
    for all I know.

    Are Pathans pagan or heathen?

    Who's using the word?

    Arindam is a satya-yuga person. That is, he resides in the 100% good
    state unlike the present general state k'li yuga which generally is less
    than 25% good.

    Date & place of birth, place of upbringing, education, current
    religion?


    When someone has no use for evil and sin is that person a pagan or a
    heathen?

    Can the great theological minds of the Occident provide an answer?

    Again, it depends on who's using the word. Some of the great
    theological minds of the Occident deprecate the use of either word.




    --
    Steve Hayes from Tshwane, South Africa
    Web: http://www.khanya.org.za/stevesig.htm
    Blog: http://khanya.wordpress.com
    E-mail - see web page, or parse: shayes at dunelm full stop org full stop uk

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Ed Cryer@21:1/5 to All on Mon Oct 7 08:56:52 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    YmVydGlldGF5bG9yIHdyb3RlOg0KPiBXaGF0J3MgdGhlIGRpZmZlcmVuY2UgYmV0d2VlbiAi cGFnYW4iIGFuZCAiaGVhdGhlbiI/DQoNCkkndmUgYWx3YXlzIHRob3VnaHQgU2hha2VzcGVh cmUgZ2F2ZSBhIGdvb2QsIHJ1bm5pbmcgZGVzY3JpcHRpb24gZm9yIA0KImhlYXRoZW4iLg0K DQoNCkZJUlNUIFdJVENIDQpXaGVuIHNoYWxsIHdlIHRocmVlIG1lZXQgYWdhaW4/DQpJbiB0 aHVuZGVyLCBsaWdodG5pbmcsIG9yIGluIHJhaW4/DQpTRUNPTkQgV0lUQ0gNCldoZW4gdGhl IGh1cmx5LWJ1cmx54oCZcyBkb25lLA0KV2hlbiB0aGUgYmF0dGxl4oCZcyBsb3N0IGFuZCB3 b24uDQpUSElSRCBXSVRDSA0KVGhhdCB3aWxsIGJlIGVyZSB0aGUgc2V0IG9mIHN1bi4NCkZJ UlNUIFdJVENIDQpXaGVyZSB0aGUgcGxhY2U/DQpTRUNPTkQgV0lUQ0gNClVwb24gdGhlIGhl YXRoLiAgICAgICAgICAgKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioNClRISVJEIFdJVENIDQpUaGVyZSB0 byBtZWV0IHdpdGggTWFjYmV0aC4NCg0KRWQNCg0K

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From bertietaylor@21:1/5 to Steve Hayes on Mon Oct 7 10:47:29 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Mon, 7 Oct 2024 2:08:29 +0000, Steve Hayes wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 21:08:23 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 13:23:29 +0000, Steve Hayes wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 06:12:31 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    On Sun, 6 Oct 2024 5:59:22 +0000, Steve Hayes wrote:

    On Sat, 5 Oct 2024 21:57:29 +0000, bertietaylor@myyahoo.com
    (bertietaylor) wrote:

    What's the difference between "pagan" and "heathen"?

    That depends on who's using the words, and for what. Context makes a >>>>> big difference.

    Is Arindam (the greatest genius of all time and sole god among lotsa >>>>devils) a pagan or heathen or both as per his hostiles?

    Impossible to answer without a potted biography. He could be a Pathan
    for all I know.

    Are Pathans pagan or heathen?

    Who's using the word?

    Arindam is a satya-yuga person. That is, he resides in the 100% good
    state unlike the present general state k'li yuga which generally is less >>than 25% good.

    Date & place of birth, place of upbringing, education, current
    religion?

    Irrelevant.


    When someone has no use for evil and sin is that person a pagan or a >>heathen?

    Can the great theological minds of the Occident provide an answer?

    Again, it depends on who's using the word. Some of the great
    theological minds of the Occident deprecate the use of either word.

    No great thelogical minds around, then.




    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Ruud Harmsen@21:1/5 to All on Mon Oct 7 16:49:30 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    Sun, 6 Oct 2024 20:57:19 +0200: guido wugi <wugi@brol.invalid>
    scribeva:
    And across languages, ex.:

    E NL D
    slim slim schlimm
    weird worden werden

    Quite interesting. I would never have thought that. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/weird#Etymology https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wyrd#English https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/weorþan#Old_English

    eerie erg arg
    worry wurgen würgen
    clean klein klein
    small smal schmal
    ask eisen heischen
    eventually eventueel eventuell
    leap lopen laufen
    spring springen springen
    die doden töten
    draw dragen tragen
    etc enz usw


    Yes.
    --
    Ruud Harmsen, https://rudhar.com

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Steve Hayes@21:1/5 to All on Tue Oct 8 04:51:25 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On Mon, 7 Oct 2024 08:56:52 +0100, Ed Cryer <ed@somewhere.in.the.uk>
    wrote:

    bertietaylor wrote:
    What's the difference between "pagan" and "heathen"?

    I've always thought Shakespeare gave a good, running description for >"heathen".


    FIRST WITCH
    When shall we three meet again?
    In thunder, lightning, or in rain?
    SECOND WITCH
    When the hurly-burly’s done,
    When the battle’s lost and won.
    THIRD WITCH
    That will be ere the set of sun.
    FIRST WITCH
    Where the place?
    SECOND WITCH
    Upon the heath. *****************
    THIRD WITCH
    There to meet with Macbeth.

    Possibly.

    As I understand it, "pagani" was Roman military slang for "civilians",
    rather like the BrE usage "punters" (which in SAfE means "people who
    bet, mostly on horse races").

    As Fox describes it, it was adopted by Christians in the Roman empire
    for non-Christians, those who had not enlisted to fight in the
    spiritual battle that shaped the Christians' worldview.

    Pagani, for the most part, were unbelievers *within* the Roman empire
    and therefore "civilised" (one could have an interesting discussion
    about the difference between "civilisation" and "urbanisation").

    But in the north of Europe Christianity began to spread beyond the
    pale, beyond the boundary of the shrinking Roman empire, initially
    mostly among people who spoke Germanic languages, and the Germanic
    term "heathen" came to be used by Christians for unbelievers who were
    regarded by those living within the civilised Roman empire as
    "barbarians".

    As time passed, for English-speaking Christians the two terms became synonymous. I'm not sure what happened to them among speakers of other
    Germanic languages, but here we are concerned primarily with English
    usage.

    With the advent of modernity in Western Europe, shaped by the
    Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment, the concept of
    "religion" and "religions" developed --- the book to read is:

    Harrison, Peter. 1990. "Religion" and the religions in the
    English Enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge
    University Press.
    ISBN: 0-521-38530-X
    Dewey: 291.0942
    The origin of the modern idea of religion can
    be traced to the Enlightenment. This study
    shows how the concepts "religion" and "the
    religions" arose out of controversies in 17th
    & 18th-century England. The birth of "the
    religions", conceived to be sets of beliefs
    and practices, enabled the establishment of a
    new science of religion in which the various
    "religions" were studied and impartially
    compared. Dr Harrison thus offers a detailed
    historical picture of the emergence of
    comparative religion as an academic
    discipline.

    And some scholars of religion developed the term "monotheism" and
    began to use the term "pagan" to refer to those who did not belong to
    religions they regarded as "monotheistic" -- mainly Judaism,
    Christianity and Islam.

    In the 19th and early 20th centuries the term "pagan" beganto be used
    by and of the cultured despisers of Christianity -- secular humanists
    etc. And the term "heathen" began to be used by some Christians for
    the UNcultured despisers of Christianity, the hoi polloi in Great
    Britain who didn't go to church because they didn't see the point.

    The second half of the second half of the 20th century saw the rise of neopaganism as a kind of post-Christian phenomenon, those who revived
    or adapted some of the pre-Christian religions, or invented new ones.
    For them, "pagan" became a positive term, whereas hitherto it had been
    a negative term, catergorising people by the religion they *didn't*
    practise, and for neopagans it came to mean a religion they *did*
    practise. So "paganism" became a thing, and not the mere absence of a
    thing.

    This is why the meaning of words like "pagan" and "heathen" depends on
    when and where they were uttered, by whom, and referring to whom or
    what.






    --
    Steve Hayes from Tshwane, South Africa
    Web: http://www.khanya.org.za/stevesig.htm
    Blog: http://khanya.wordpress.com
    E-mail - see web page, or parse: shayes at dunelm full stop org full stop uk

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Ed Cryer@21:1/5 to All on Tue Oct 8 11:17:35 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

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    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Christian Weisgerber@21:1/5 to bertietaylor on Tue Oct 8 14:25:14 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On 2024-10-05, bertietaylor <bertietaylor@myyahoo.com> wrote:

    What's the difference between "pagan" and "heathen"?

    "Pagan" is borrowed from Latin--not from French, which has "païen"--
    and "heathen" is Germanic. I can't think of any difference in
    meaning. I don't think they carry different connotations, either.

    If there is a difference in usage by neopagans, I wouldn't know.

    The etymology of "heathen" is unclear. It could be connected to
    "heath", the landscape, so it might parallel the formation of "pagan"
    in some way.

    Pfeifer's etymological dictionary suggests a rather fanciful origin:
    A borrowing from Greek "tá éthnē" ('the peoples' > 'the heathens')
    into Gothic as "haiþn-", from where it spread into West Germanic.
    I have reservations. Where is the h- from? Pfeifer mentions "late
    Greek aspiration". Anybody here know anything about that stage of
    Greek? Does [h] just pop up there? In Wulfila's time, Gothic <ai>
    was likely pronounced [ɛː], so the vowel quality matches, but why
    a long vowel? This also creates an immediate problem, because Old
    High German "heidan" and Old English "hǣþen" (with umlaut) point
    to Germanic *[ai]. The idea seems to be that the borrowed word was
    conflated with the "heath" word already in Gothic (haiþi), and then
    it must have been calqued rather than borrowed into West Germanic.
    It all feels strained.

    --
    Christian "naddy" Weisgerber naddy@mips.inka.de

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  • From Peter Moylan@21:1/5 to All on Wed Oct 9 08:53:38 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    Each time I see the Subject of this thread I'm reminded of Dudley
    Nightshade, the enemy of Crusader Rabbit.

    --
    Peter Moylan peter@pmoylan.org http://www.pmoylan.org
    Newcastle, NSW

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  • From Christian Weisgerber@21:1/5 to guido wugi on Thu Oct 10 19:53:56 2024
    XPost: alt.usage.english, alt.language.latin

    On 2024-10-06, guido wugi <wugi@brol.invalid> wrote:

    And across languages, ex.:

    E NL D
    weird worden werden

    That is misleading. Already in Proto-Germanic the noun from which
    "weird" derives was distinct from the verb that is the source of
    the Dutch/German verb and OE "weorþan".

    ask eisen heischen

    The German verb picked up the h- by contamination from another verb,
    "heißen" (cf. OE "hātan").

    leap lopen laufen
    spring springen springen

    Those German verbs already vary in meaning across German dialects.
    E.g., you may have heard of Amish (Pennsylvania Dutch) "rumspringe",
    which literally means "running around", because in Palatinate dialect
    "springe" (springen) means 'run' and "laafe" (laufen) means 'walk'.

    die doden töten

    No, the English verb, likely from Old Norse, is different from the
    German/Dutch one. The German cognate for "die" is OHG touwen, which
    didn't survive into Modern German. Conversely, Old English "dȳdan"
    is cognate with "töten". Modern English "deaden" is likely a new
    formation from the adjective "dead" + "-en".

    --
    Christian "naddy" Weisgerber naddy@mips.inka.de

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