• Re: Dark matter is the core of stars (minus hydrogen cover)

    From Paul B. Andersen@21:1/5 to All on Thu Jun 19 21:01:02 2025
    XPost: sci.physics, alt.usage.english

    Den 19.06.2025 14:15, skrev bertietaylor:
    Dark matter is the core of stars (minus hydrogen cover).


    Two questions:

    Why do astronomers think that galaxies contain some
    invisible (not interacting with EM-radiation) matter with mass?

    Why do they not think this matter can be in the stars?

    Don't know, do you? :-D

    --
    Paul

    https://paulba.no/

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  • From Paul.B.Andersen@21:1/5 to All on Fri Jun 27 21:57:30 2025
    Den 27.06.2025 05:47, skrev Bertitaylor:
    On Thu, 26 Jun 2025 13:23:35 +0000, Paul.B.Andersen wrote:

    Den 26.06.2025 09:15, skrev bertitaylor:
    On Wed, 25 Jun 2025 17:30:27 +0000, Jim Pennino wrote:

    In sci.physics Bertitaylor <bertietaylor@myyahoo.com> wrote:
    On Mon, 23 Jun 2025 18:54:15 +0000, Paul.B.Andersen wrote:

    Can you please explain Arindam's theory?

    Where does the radiated energy come from?

    Deuterium fission.


    Deuterium is stable, does not undergo radioactive decay, and thus
    cannot
    undergo fission, crackpot.

    Fool, we are not talking about deuterium on Earth, decaying naturally.
    Things are different in the Sun's atmosphere. Lots of heat, radiation,
    charged particles, very dense there.

    And no deuterium is decaying, but a lot of deuterium nuclei are fused
    to Helium.

    It is deuterium fission which provides the energy for the hydrogen bombs >>> on Earth.

    Good grief, what a gigantic blunder!

    Yes it was the most gigantic blunder to think that fusion at all
    happens.


    One question:
    What created the elements you and I and everything around us consist of?
    The Devine Arindam?



    It obviously is _fusion_ of H and T in a hydrogen bomb.

    Very not obviously. The fission of the deuterium nucleus (two protons
    held by one electron) creates extraordinary force creating great
    energies as produced by the stars.

    A nucleus consisting of two protons and one electron? :-D

    But let's consider this a typo.
    Deuterium (D) is an isotope of hydrogen.
    It has an extra neutron in its nucleus. D is stable and never decays.

    But let's play along:

    Fission of D can only mean that a neutron is ejected from the nucleus.
    So the question is:
    Why should this create an extraordinary great energy?


    Let's first look at fission of a heavier element, namely Uranium-235.
    When a Uranium-235 nucleus is hit by a neutron, it may split
    into a Barium-141 nucleus and a Krypton-92 nucleus and three neutrons.

    So why do this fission create an extraordinary great energy?
    It's actually very simple.
    The Ba-141 nucleus contains 56 protons and 85 neutrons
    The Kr-92 nucleus contains 36 protons and 56 neutrons

    The electrostatic repulsion between the nuclei is very strong,
    and in 1939 Lise Meitner calculated that the nuclei will repel
    each other and should gain a total kinetic energy in the order
    of 200 MeV. The rest is history.
    Lise Meitner was the mother of the atomic bomb.

    The proton and the neutron in D do not repel each other,
    so no energy is released if you somehow could split the nucleus.
    Quite the contrary, you would have to use energy to split it.

    Your "Deuterium fission" is idiotic nonsense.

    --------------------------------------------

    BTW, this reaction also confirms E = mc²

    1n + U-235 → Ba-141 + Kr-92 + 3n

    The atomic weight of these are:

    Left side:
    1n 1.008664 u
    U-235 235.0439299 u
    -------------------
    236.0525939 u

    Right side:
    Ba-141 140.914412 u
    Kr-92 91.926156 u
    3n 3.025992 u
    ---------------------
    235.866560 u

    Lost mass: m = 0.1860339 u

    "u" is "unified atomic mass unit", 1 u = 931.5 MeV

    E = mc² ≈ 174 MeV

    Which is of the same order of magnitude as calculated
    by Meitner.


    Details in Arindam's links.

    Quite. I had a look.

    Arindam:
    "The hydrogen bomb is said to be an atomic bomb using heavy water,
    that contain the deuterium isotope. A deuterium isotope has an
    additional neutron in its nucleus. It is thought that the enormous
    temperature generated by the fission bomb, cause the deuterium isotopes
    to join and become helium nuclei. And it is this fusion process, that
    generates so much more energy than even the atom bomb."

    So Arindam knows how the hydrogen bomb is "said" to work,
    but he has his own story, of course:

    Arindam:
    "So could it be that there is actually no process like fusion
    ever taking place – that fusion is a wrong explanation?
    The extraordinary energy of the Hydrogen Bomb could arise with
    the heavy water being used as a amplifier of the fission bomb.
    The N value, then, effectively goes up! What may be likely is that
    the deuterium nuclei in the heavy water - a necessary component of
    the hydrogen bomb as it is supposed to fuse into helium - when
    bombarded by the exploding fission components of the atom bomb that
    has to be exploded first to create the high temperatures need for
    fusion, take up very high speeds and thus act like an extension of
    the fissionable components. In other words, they effectively add up
    upon, or amplify upon as a catalyst, the radioactive material already
    present in the bomb."

    I can't see that he mention fission of deuterium.

    But I can see that he states:
    "there is actually no process like fusion"

    And I can see that he states:
    "the atom bomb that has to be exploded first to create
    the high temperatures need for fusion"

    And I can see that he doesn't make any sense at all.

    Can you explain how the hydrogen bomb works, Bertitaylor?


    --
    Paul

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  • From Paul.B.Andersen@21:1/5 to All on Sat Jun 28 13:19:58 2025
    XPost: sci.physics, alt.usage.english

    Den 28.06.2025 05:28, skrev LaurenceClarkCrossen:
    Well, yes the elements weren't created in a Big Bang obviously.

    Quite right.
    Only the very light elements (H, He) were created in the Big Bang
    (or shortly after).
    Nobody believes the heavier elements were created in the Big Bang.

    Do you
    know it is believed that our galaxy has only spun around 60 times? Big Bangers have a very young and naive universe! The elements continue to
    form in the stars contrary to the Big Bang baloney.

    The element's were (and still are) created in the stars.
    The heavier elements (iron and beyond) were (and still are) created
    in Novas and Supernovas and when neutron stars collide.

    We are all made of "star stuff".

    --
    Paul

    https://paulba.no/

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  • From Paul B. Andersen@21:1/5 to All on Sat Jun 28 21:36:02 2025
    Den 28.06.2025 02:18, skrev Bertitaylor:

    A neutron is the tightest bond between a proton and an electron.

    Can you please explain this statement?

    How does the "bond between a proton and an electron"
    change if you remove the neutron?

    Or:
    What is the difference in the bond between proton and electron
    in H and T?

    --
    Paul

    https://paulba.no/

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  • From Sylvia Else@21:1/5 to bertietaylor on Sun Jun 29 12:26:17 2025
    XPost: sci.physics, alt.usage.english

    On 19-June-25 8:15 pm, bertietaylor wrote:
    Dark matter is the core of stars (minus hydrogen cover).

    If this were true, then it would show up in our expectation of stellar brightness versus mass, and there would be no mystery about there
    appearing to be missing mass.

    Sylvia.

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  • From =?UTF-8?Q?Maciej_Wo=C5=BAniak?=@21:1/5 to Paul.B.Andersen on Wed Jul 2 19:46:03 2025
    On 7/2/2025 7:20 PM, Paul.B.Andersen wrote:
    Den 01.07.2025 01:52, skrev Bertitaylor:
    On Mon, 30 Jun 2025 18:18:47 +0000, Paul.B.Andersen wrote:

    Elements with 1 proton in the nucleus are Hydrogen
    There are two stable isotopes:
     ¹H (Protium)     1 proton 0 neutrons
     ²H (D Deuterium) 1 proton 1 neutron

     ³H (T Tritium) 1 proton 2 neutrons
      Tritium is unstable with half-life 12.33 years.
      The decay mode is β−, which means that a neutron splits
      into a proton and an electron. The electron is ejected as β-rays.
      So we get a nucleus with 2 protons and and 1 neutron, which is
      ³He, the most abundant stable Helium isotope.

      The short half-life should indicate that T should not
      exist naturally, but it is created by interaction between
      cosmic rays and air. The natural abundance is however very low.

    But T can be artificially created in an atomic reactor.
    T has several applications, among them are H-bombs.

    D and T combine very easily in fusion to ⁴He, a stable Helium isotope. >>> That's why the Hydrogen in a H-bomb is enriched with both D and T.
    (Some, or all of the T can be created in the bombs itself from lithium.) >>>
    An atomic bomb exploded on Earth can't create the temperature and
    pressure to make H explode in a chain reaction. The enrichment
    of D and T are necessary to make the bomb explode.

    Please answer my question:

    Do you really think that Teller & al, would have succeeded
    in making the H-bomb if they didn't know what I stated above
    (and _much_ more)?

    So the answer is "yes",

    So there is no answer and you're fabricating,
    as expected from a lying piece of shit you are.

    But please answer my question.

    Do you really believe that a measurement
    doesn't have to give the real value of
    the measured property to be a valid measurement?

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  • From Paul.B.Andersen@21:1/5 to All on Wed Jul 2 19:20:24 2025
    Den 01.07.2025 01:52, skrev Bertitaylor:
    On Mon, 30 Jun 2025 18:18:47 +0000, Paul.B.Andersen wrote:

    Elements with 1 proton in the nucleus are Hydrogen
    There are two stable isotopes:
    ¹H (Protium) 1 proton 0 neutrons
    ²H (D Deuterium) 1 proton 1 neutron

    ³H (T Tritium) 1 proton 2 neutrons
    Tritium is unstable with half-life 12.33 years.
    The decay mode is β−, which means that a neutron splits
    into a proton and an electron. The electron is ejected as β-rays.
    So we get a nucleus with 2 protons and and 1 neutron, which is
    ³He, the most abundant stable Helium isotope.

    The short half-life should indicate that T should not
    exist naturally, but it is created by interaction between
    cosmic rays and air. The natural abundance is however very low.

    But T can be artificially created in an atomic reactor.
    T has several applications, among them are H-bombs.

    D and T combine very easily in fusion to ⁴He, a stable Helium isotope.
    That's why the Hydrogen in a H-bomb is enriched with both D and T.
    (Some, or all of the T can be created in the bombs itself from lithium.)

    An atomic bomb exploded on Earth can't create the temperature and
    pressure to make H explode in a chain reaction. The enrichment
    of D and T are necessary to make the bomb explode.

    Please answer my question:

    Do you really think that Teller & al, would have succeeded
    in making the H-bomb if they didn't know what I stated above
    (and _much_ more)?

    So the answer is "yes", Bertitaylor does indeed believe that
    Teller & al would have succeeded in making the H-bomb even if
    they had known nothing about Hydrogen, Deuterium and Tritium.

    However, since they _did_ know what I have stated above, and much more,
    about Hydrogen, Deuterium and Tritium they used a fission bomb around
    a capsule with Deuterium and Tritium, and when the fission bomb went
    off the pressure and temperature became so high that Deuterium and
    Tritium was fused together in the fusion process:
    ²H+³H → ⁴He + n

    D with 1 proton, 1 neutron + T with 1 proton, 2 proton 2 neutrons →
    He with 2 protons, 2 neutrons + neutron + 17.6 MeV.
    Most of the energy is kinetic energy of the ejected neutron.

    D = 2.01410200 u
    T = 3.01604928 u
    ------------------
    5.03015128 u

    He = 4.002603254 U
    n = 1.008664916 U
    ------------------
    5.011268170

    mass loss m = 0.01888310 u, E = mc² = 17.589507 MeV


    They simply put heavy water around a fission bomb to split deuterium and
    thus made what is called a hydrogen bomb, with protons snapping off with incredible force and thus causing a chain reaction with objects hitting
    each other and creating huge energies as per the creation of energy
    formula by divine Arindam that he discovered in 1998.

    Bertitaylor, I will not ask you if you really believe that Teller & al
    could simply have put heavy water around a fission bomb to make a
    H-bomb. Of course you don't. And you know they didn't.

    Why do you pretend to believe what you know never happened?
    Are you trolling?


    --
    Paul

    https://paulba.no/

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  • From Paul.B.Andersen@21:1/5 to All on Wed Jul 2 20:34:23 2025
    Den 01.07.2025 03:42, skrev Bertitaylor:

    As natural radioactivity is caused when electrons
    escape the nucleus the nucleus has to have electrons in it.

    As natural radioactivity is caused when positrons
    escape the nucleus the nucleus has to have positrons in it.

    Are both statements true, or are both statements false?


    Why cannot apes grasp this simple matter?

    You mean this simple matter?

    Example of β− decay: (electrons escape the nucleus) ---------------------------------------------------
    Carbon-14 with 6 protons and 8 neutrons decays into
    Nitrogen-14 with 7 protons and 7 neutrons + electron and antineutrino Nitrogen-14 is stable

    Example of β+ decay: (positrons escape the nucleus) ---------------------------------------------------
    Carbon-10 with 6 protons and 4 neutrons decays into
    Boron-10 with 5 protons and 5 neutrons + positron and neutrino
    Boron-10 is stable

    Are there electrons in the C14 nucleus and positrons in the B14 nucleus,
    or no electrons in the C14 nucleus and no positrons in the B14 nucleus?

    What does the apes say?

    --
    Paul

    https://paulba.no/

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  • From Paul.B.Andersen@21:1/5 to The fact that you don't understand on Thu Jul 3 10:43:11 2025
    Den 03.07.2025 02:13, skrev Bertitaylor:
    On Wed, 2 Jul 2025 17:20:24 +0000, Paul.B.Andersen wrote:

    Den 01.07.2025 01:52, skrev Bertitaylor:
    On Mon, 30 Jun 2025 18:18:47 +0000, Paul.B.Andersen wrote:

    Elements with 1 proton in the nucleus are Hydrogen
    There are two stable isotopes:
     ¹H (Protium)     1 proton 0 neutrons
     ²H (D Deuterium) 1 proton 1 neutron

     ³H (T Tritium) 1 proton 2 neutrons
      Tritium is unstable with half-life 12.33 years.
      The decay mode is β−, which means that a neutron splits
      into a proton and an electron. The electron is ejected as β-rays.
      So we get a nucleus with 2 protons and and 1 neutron, which is
      ³He, the most abundant stable Helium isotope.

      The short half-life should indicate that T should not
      exist naturally, but it is created by interaction between
      cosmic rays and air. The natural abundance is however very low.

    But T can be artificially created in an atomic reactor.
    T has several applications, among them are H-bombs.

    D and T combine very easily in fusion to ⁴He, a stable Helium isotope. >>>> That's why the Hydrogen in a H-bomb is enriched with both D and T.
    (Some, or all of the T can be created in the bombs itself from
    lithium.)

    An atomic bomb exploded on Earth can't create the temperature and
    pressure to make H explode in a chain reaction. The enrichment
    of D and T are necessary to make the bomb explode.

    Please answer my question:

    Do you really think that Teller & al, would have succeeded
    in making the H-bomb if they didn't know what I stated above
    (and _much_ more)?

    So the answer is "yes", Bertitaylor does indeed believe that
    Teller & al would have succeeded in making the H-bomb even if
    they had known nothing about Hydrogen, Deuterium and Tritium.

    They had to know that deuterium existed and tritium is irrelevant save
    for confusion.



    However, since they _did_ know what I have stated above, and much more,
    about Hydrogen, Deuterium and Tritium they used a fission bomb around
    a capsule with Deuterium and Tritium, and when the fission bomb went
    off the pressure and temperature became so high that Deuterium and
    Tritium was fused together in the fusion process:
        ²H+³H → ⁴He + n

    Fact:
    The H-bomb built in 1951 was based on this fusion process.


    Rubbish. The fission bomb caused the two protons in the deuterium
    nucleus to split with the breaking of the electron bond holding them together.

    Just consider two huge metal balls being held together by a string.
    Electric charge is put on both so both balls must move apart. The string stops them. Now the protons are like the two balls and the string is the electron. Quite stable till the string is cut. Then the two balls go off
    in different directions.

    The fission bomb creates the forces required to bust the electron bond.

    Pretty simple, what.

    .. and quite funny.

    One can but wonder how your mind works.

    The first H-bomb was exploded 1951. Now its basic principles
    are well known, it is fusion of D and T boosted by a fission bomb.

    And you insist that it is is built and works according to
    your fantasy invented 70 year later ? :-D

    The fact that you don't understand how ridiculous it is says a lot
    about your sanity.


    D with 1 proton, 1 neutron + T with 1 proton, 2 proton 2 neutrons →
    He with 2 protons, 2 neutrons + neutron + 17.6 MeV.
    Most of the energy is kinetic energy of the ejected neutron.

    D =  2.01410200 u
    T =  3.01604928 u
    ------------------
          5.03015128 u

    He = 4.002603254 U
    n  = 1.008664916 U
    ------------------
          5.011268170

    mass loss m = 0.01888310 u, E = mc²  = 17.589507 MeV


    Bullshit stuff made up to confuse people and boost the e=mcc nonsenses.


    They simply put heavy water around a fission bomb to split deuterium and >>> thus made what is called a hydrogen bomb, with protons snapping off with >>> incredible force and thus causing a chain reaction with objects hitting
    each other and creating huge energies as per the creation of energy
    formula by divine Arindam that he discovered in 1998.

    Yes, yes.

    Bertitaylor, I will not ask you if you really believe that Teller & al
    could simply have put heavy water around a fission bomb to make a
    H-bomb. Of course you don't. And you know they didn't.

    Why do you pretend to believe what you know never happened?

    Exposing liars and lies leads to a safer and better world, so our
    altruistic efforts. You are the victim of lies.

    How can pretending that you believe what you know never happen
    expose liars?



    Are you trolling?

    No, following Jesus Christ for we did live in a Christian country. Now talking pure Christianity does sound like trolling in this selfish world
    of lies, run by greedy liars.

    I see.
    The whole thing is your interpretation of the Bible.


    --
    Paul

    https://paulba.no/

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  • From Bertitaylor@21:1/5 to Thomas Heger on Fri Jul 4 21:51:45 2025
    XPost: sci.physics, alt.usage.english

    On Fri, 4 Jul 2025 6:22:13 +0000, Thomas Heger wrote:

    Am Donnerstag000003, 03.07.2025 um 01:57 schrieb Bertitaylor:
    On Sun, 29 Jun 2025 12:41:33 +0000, Paul.B.Andersen wrote:

    Den 29.06.2025 06:18, skrev Bertitaylor:
    Am Samstag000028, 28.06.2025 um 14:47 schrieb Paul.B.Andersen:
    Den 28.06.2025 01:49, skrev Bertitaylor:
    On Fri, 27 Jun 2025 19:57:30 +0000, Paul.B.Andersen wrote:

    One question:
    What created the elements you and I and everything around us
    consist of?
    The Devine Arindam?


    Heard of eternity? It all was always there, is, and will be.


    I am asking YOU, Bertitaylor:

    How do YOU think U-238 and other heavy elements were created?


    Supernovas where lots of electrons or protons fly and create heavy
    nuclei.

    Right.

    So you have realised that you were wrong when you claimed that
    all elements "was always there, is, and will be."

    Yes. All matter changes as per chemical and nuclear reactions from
    aetheric vibrations and electric forces.

    So you have finally admitted to being wrong.

    No. Matter change has nothing to do with big bangs and black holes and
    e=mcc stuff.



    Actually it has...

    I have invented this concept, which I called 'structured spacetime':

    What is that?

    https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Ur3_giuk2l439fxUa8QHX4wTDxBEaM6lOlgVUa0cFU4/edit?usp=sharing

    I wanted to put GR and QM into a single framework and thought, that
    matter should be 'relative'.

    Matter is mass and mass is standardised by units that are absolute.

    My idea is actually quite simple, but based upon unusual assumptions.

    Sounds like Einstein. He claimed his work was simple and also based on assumptions

    I use spacetime of GR as kind of 'background' and call 'timelike stable patterns' 'matter'.

    Patterns are not impacted by force so they are not mass or matter.

    Iow: matter for one observer is not matter for another observer.

    That may be on aesthetic, gastronomic, emotional basis, yes. Not
    physics.

    This would de-materialize the concept of particles and assumes, that particles are actually certain 'structures'.

    Again structures are abstract in essence geometrically whereas particles
    are material.

    Now we could alter the axis of time (in theory) and could create by this method all sorts of cosmological phenomena like black-holes or
    big-bangs.

    Harry Potter stuff.

    WOOF woof-woof woof




    Creation of iron and heavier elements by fusion doesn't release
    energy, it uses energy, so these elements can only be created
    in cataclysmic events where energy is abundant.


    Most iron was always there. Sometimes it may get upgraded to other
    elements, then radioactive decay brings that down.

    Astonishingly the heavier elements are found near the surface of planet Earth.

    This would require, that matter could age and build heavier elements
    from lighter ones over time.

    The reason:

    according to the current paradigm ('accretion hypothesis') the Earth was formed by a gravitational collapse of large amounts of dust.

    The result was entirely molten in the early stage.

    But that would have allowed the heavier elements to sink into the lower levels of the Earth.

    But we actually find Lead, Gold and Uranium quite high in the crust
    (like in mountains).

    So, these metals could not have been there when Earth was molten, hence
    must have aged sind the creation of their plate.


    ...


    TH

    --

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