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dreamers and bad subjects, as you can see for yourselves from the
example of the universal education
in this direction of the GOYIM. We must introduce into their education
all those principles which have
so brilliantly broken up their order. But when we are in power we
shall remove every kind of
disturbing subject from the course of education and shall make out of
the youth obedient children of
authority, loving him who rules as the support and hope of peace and
quiet.

WE SHALL CHANGE HISTORY

4. Classicism as also any form of study of ancient history, in which
there are more bad than good
examples, we shall replace with the study of the program of the
future. We shall erase from the
memory of men all facts of previous centuries which are undesirable to
us, and leave only those which
depict all the errors of the government of the GOYIM. The study of
practical life, of the obligations of
order, of the relations of people one to another, of avoiding bad and
selfish examples, which spread the
infection of evil, and similar questions of an educative nature, will
stand in the forefront of the
teaching program, which will be drawn up on a separate plan for each
calling or state of life, in no wise
generalizing the teaching. This treatment of the question has special importance.

5. Each state of life must be trained within strict limits
corresponding to its destination and work in
life. The OCCASIONAL GENIUS HAS ALWAYS MANAGED AND ALWAYS WILL MANAGE
TO SLIP
THROUGH INTO OTHER STATES OF LIFE, BUT IT IS THE MOST PERFECT FOLLY
FOR THE
SAKE OF THIS RARE OCCASIONAL GENIUS TO LET THROUGH INTO RANKS FOREIGN
TO
THEM THE UNTALENTED WHO THUS ROB OF THEIR PLACES WHO BELONG TO THOSE
RANKS BY BIRTH OR EMPLOYMENT. YOU KNOW YOURSELVES IN WHAT ALL THIS HAS
ENDED FOR THE "GOYIM" WHO ALLOWED THIS CRYING ABSURDITY.

6. In order that he who rules may be seated firmly in the hearts and
minds of his subjects it is
necessary for the time of his activity to instruct the whole nation in
the schools and on the market
places about this meaning and his acts and all his beneficent
initiatives.

7. We shall abolish every kind of freedom of instruction. Learners of
all ages have the right to
assemble together with their parents in the educational establishments
as it were in a club: during
these assemblies, on holidays, teachers will read what will pass as
free lectures on questions of human
relations, of the laws of examples, of the philosophy of new theories
not yet declared to the world.
These theories will be raised by us to the stage of a dogma of faith
as a traditional stage towards our
faith. On the completion of this exposition of our program of action
in the present and the future I will
read you the principles of these theories.

8. In a word, knowing by the experience of many centuries that people
live and are guided by ideas,
that these ideas are imbibed by people only by the aid of education
provided with equal success for all

ages of growth, but of course by varying methods, we shall swallow up
and confiscate to our own use
the last scintilla of independence of thought, which we have for long
past been directing towards
subjects and ideas useful for us. The system of bridling thought is
already at work in the so-called
system of teaching by OBJECT LESSONS, the purpose of which is to turn
the GOYIM into unthinking
submissive brutes waiting for things to be presented before their eyes
in order to form an idea of them
.... In France, one of our best agents, Bourgeois, has already made
public a new program of teaching by
object lessons.

PROTOCOL No. 17

1. The practice of advocacy produces men cold, cruel, persistent, unprincipled, who in all cases take

up an impersonal, purely legal standpoint. They have the inveterate
habit to refer everything to its
value for the defense and not to the public welfare of its results.
They do not usually decline to
undertake any defense whatever, they strive for an acquittal at all
costs, caviling over every petty crux
of jurisprudence and thereby they demoralize justice. For this reason
we shall set this profession into
narrow frames which will keep it inside this sphere of executive
public service. Advocates, equally with
judges, will be deprived of the right of communication with litigant;
they well receive business only
from the court and will study it by notes of report and documents,
defending their clients after they
have been interrogated in court on facts that have appeared. They will receive an honorarium without
regard to the quality of the defense. This will render them mere
reporters on law-business in the
interests of justice and as counterpoise to the proctor who will be
the reporter in the interests of
prosecution; this will shorten business before the courts. In this way
will be established a practice of
honest unprejudiced defense conducted not from personal interest but
by conviction. This will also, by
the way, remove the present practice of corrupt bargain between
advocation to agree only to let that
side win which pays most.

WE SHALL DESTROY THE CLERGY

2. WE HAVE LONG PAST TAKEN CARE TO DISCREDIT THE PRIESTHOOD OF
"GOYIM," and
thereby to ruin their mission on earth which in these days might still
be a great hindrance to us. Day by
day its influence on the peoples of the world is falling lower.
FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE HAS BEEN
DECLARED EVERYWHERE, SO THAT NOW ONLY YEARS DIVIDE US FROM THE MOMENT
OF
THE COMPLETE WRECKING OF THAT CHRISTIAN RELIGION: as to other
religions we shall have
still less difficulty in dealing with them, but it would be premature
to speak of this now. We shall act
clericalism and clericals into such narrow frames as to make their
influence move in retrogressive
proportion to its former progress.

3. When the time comes finally to destroy the papal court the finger
of an invisible hand will point
the nations towards this court. When, however, the nations fling
themselves upon it, we shall come
forward in the guise of its defenders as if to save excessive
bloodshed. By this diversion we shall
penetrate to its very bowels and be sure we shall never come out again
until we have gnawed through
the entire strength of this place.

4. THE KING OF THE JEWS WILL BE THE REAL POPE OF THE UNIVERSE, THE
PATRIARCH
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CHURCH [The Antichrist??].

5. But, IN THE MEANTIME, while we are reeducating youth in new
traditional religions and
afterwards in ours, WE SHALL NOT OVERTLY LAY A FINGER ON EXISTING
CHURCHES, BUT WE
SHALL FIGHT AGAINST THEM BY CRITICISM CALCULATED TO PRODUCE SCHISM
....

6. In general, then, our contemporary press will continue to CONVICT
State affairs, religions,
incapacities of the GOYIM, always using the most unprincipled
expressions in order by every means to
lower their prestige in the manner which can only be practiced by the
genius of our gifted tribe ....

7. Our kingdom will be an apologia of the divinity Vishnu, in whom is
found its personification - in
our hundred hands will be, one in each, the springs of the machinery
of social life. We shall see
everything without the aid of official police which, in that scope of
its rights which we elaborated for
the use of the GOYIM, hinders governments from seeing. In our programs ONE-THIRD OF OUR
SUBJECTS WILL KEEP THE REST UNDER OBSERVATION from a sense of duty, on
the principle of
volunteer service to the State. It will then be no disgrace to be a
spy and informer, but a merit:
unfounded denunciations, however, will be cruelly punished that there
may be development of abuses
of this right.

8. Our agents will be taken from the higher as well as the lower ranks
of society, from among the
administrative class who spend their time in amusements, editors,
printers and publishers,
booksellers, clerks, and salesmen, workmen, coachmen, lackeys, et
cetera. This body, having no rights
and not being empowered to take any action on their own account, and consequently a police without
any power, will only witness and report: verification of their reports
and arrests will depend upon a
responsible group of controllers of police affairs, while the actual
act of arrest will be performed by the
gendarmerie and the municipal police. Any person not denouncing
anything seen or heard concerning
questions of polity will also be charged with and made responsible for concealment, if it be proved that
he is guilty of this crime.

9. JUST AS NOWADAYS OUR BRETHREN, ARE OBLIGED AT THEIR OWN RISK TO
DENOUNCE TO THE KABAL APOSTATES OF THEIR OWN FAMILY or members who
have been
noticed doing anything in opposition to the KABAL, SO IN OUR KINGDOM
OVERALL THE WORLD
IT WILL BE OBLIGATORY FOR ALL OUR SUBJECTS TO OBSERVE THE DUTY OF
SERVICE TO
THE STATE IN THIS DIRECTION. 10. Such an organization will extirpate
abuses of authority, of
force, of bribery, everything in fact which we by our counsels, by out theories of the superhuman rights
of man, have introduced into the customs of the GOYIM .... But how
else were we to procure that
increase of causes predisposing to disorders in the midst of their administration? .... Among the
number of those methods one of the most important is - agents for the restoration of order, so placed
as to have the opportunity in their disintegrating activity of
developing and displaying their evil
inclinations - obstinate self-conceit, irresponsible exercise of
authority, and, first and foremost,
venality.

PROTOCOL No. 18

1. When it becomes necessary for us to strengthen the strict measures
of secret defense (the most
fatal poison for the prestige of authority) we shall arrange a
simulation of disorders or some
manifestation of discontents finding expression through the co-
operation of good speakers. Round
these speakers will assemble all who are sympathetic to his
utterances. This will give us the pretext for
domiciliary prerequisitions and surveillance on the part of our
servants from among the number of the
GOYIM police....

2. As the majority of conspirators act of love for the game, for the
sake of talking, so, until they
commit some overt act we shall not lay a finger on them but only
introduce into their midst
observation elements .... It must be remembered that the prestige of authority is lessened if it
frequently discovers conspiracies against itself: this implies a
presumption of consciousness of
weakness, or, what is still worse, of injustice. You are aware that we
have broken the prestige of the
GOY kings by frequent attempts upon their lives through our agents,
blind sheep of our flock, who are
easily moved by a few liberal phrases to crimes provided only they be
painted in political colors. WE
HAVE COMPELLED THE RULERS TO ACKNOWLEDGE THEIR WEAKNESS IN ADVERTISING
OVERT MEASURES OF SECRETE DEFENSE AND THEREBY WE SHALL BRING THE
PROMISE OF
AUTHORITY TO DESTRUCTION.

3. Our ruler will be secretly protected only by the most insignificant
guard, because we shall not
admit so much as a thought that there could exist against him any
sedition with which he is not strong
enough to contend and is compelled to hide from it.

4. If we should admit this thought, as the GOYIM have done and are
doing, we should IPSO FACTO
be signing a death sentence, if not for our ruler, at any rate for his dynasty, at no distant date.

GOVERNMENT BY FEAR

5. According to strictly enforced outward appearances our ruler will
employ his power only for the
advantage of the nation and in no wise for his own or dynastic
profits. Therefore, with the observance
of this decorum, his authority will be respected and guarded by the
subjects themselves, it will receive
an apotheosis in the admission that with it is bound up the well-being
of every citizen of the State, for
upon it will depend all order in the common life of the pack ....

6. OVERT DEFENSE OF THE KIND ARGUES WEAKNESS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF
HIS
STRENGTH.

7. Our ruler will always be among the people and be surrounded by a
mob of apparently curious men
and women, who will occupy the front ranks about him, to all
appearance by chance, and will restrain
the ranks of the rest out of respect as it will appear for good order.
This will sow an example of
restraint also in others. If a petitioner appears among the people
trying to hand a petition and forcing
his way through the ranks, the first ranks must receive the petition
and before the eyes of the
petitioner pass it to the ruler, so that all may know that what is
handed in reaches its destination, that
consequently, there exists a control of the ruler himself. The aureole
of power requires for is existence
that the people may be able to say: "If the king knew of this," or:
"the king will hear it."

8. WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF OFFICIAL DEFENSE, THE MYSTICAL PRESTIGE
OF
AUTHORITY DISAPPEARS: given a certain audacity, and everyone counts
himself master of it, the
sedition- monger is conscious of his strength, and when occasion
serves watches for the moment to
make an attempt upon authority .... For the GOYIM we have been
preaching something else, but by
that very fact we are enabled to see what measures of overt defense
have brought them to ....

9. CRIMINALS WITH US WILL BE ARRESTED AT THE FIRST, more or less, well-grounded
SUSPICION: it cannot be allowed that out of fear of a possible mistake
an opportunity should be given
of escape to persons suspected of a political lapse of crime, for in
these matters we shall be literally
merciless. If it is still possible, by stretching a point, to admit a reconsideration of the motive causes in
simple crimes, there is no possibility of excuse for persons occupying themselves with questions in
which nobody except the government can understand anything .... And it
is not all governments that
understand true policy.

PROTOCOL No. 19

1. If we do not permit any independent dabbling in the political we
shall on the other hand
encourage every kind of report or petition with proposals for the
government to examine into all kinds
of projects for the amelioration of the condition of the people; this
will reveal to us the defects or else
the fantasies of our subjects, to which we shall respond either by accomplishing them or by a wise
rebuttment to prove the shortsightedness of one who judges wrongly.

2. Sedition-mongering is nothing more than the yapping of a lap- dog
at an elephant. For a
government well organized, not from the police but from the public
point of view, the lap-dog yaps at
the elephant in entire unconsciousness of its strength and importance.
It needs no more than to take a
good example to show the relative importance of both and the lap-dogs
will cease to yap and will wag

their tails the moment they set eyes on an elephant.

3. In order to destroy the prestige of heroism for political crime we
shall send it for trial in the
category of thieving, murder, and every kind of abominable and filthy
crime. Public opinion will then
confuse in its conception of this category of crime with the disgrace attaching to every other and will
brand it with the same contempt.

4. We have done our best, and I hope we have succeeded to obtain that
the GOYIM should not arrive
at this means of contending with sedition. It was for this reason that through the Press and in
speeches, indirectly - in cleverly compiled school- books on history,
we have advertised the martyrdom
alleged to have been accredited by sedition-mongers for the idea of
the commonweal. This
advertisement has increased the contingent of liberals and has brought thousands of GOYIM into the
ranks of our livestock cattle.

PROTOCOL No. 20

1. To-day we shall touch upon the financial program, which I put off
to the end of my report as being
the most difficult, the crowning and the decisive point of our plans.
Before entering upon it I will
remind you that I have already spoken before by way of a hint when I
said that the sum total of our
actions is settled by the question of figures.

2. When we come into our kingdom our autocratic government will avoid,
from a principle of self-
preservation, sensibly burdening the masses of the people with taxes, remembering that it plays the
part of father and protector. But as State organization cost dear it
is necessary nevertheless to obtain
the funds required for it. It will, therefore, elaborate with
particular precaution the question of
equilibrium in this matter.

3. Our rule, in which the king will enjoy the legal fiction that
everything in his State belongs to him
(which may easily be translated into fact), will be enabled to resort
to the lawful confiscation of all
sums of every kind for the regulation of their circulation in the
State. From this follows that taxation
will best be covered by a progressive tax on property. In this manner
the dues will be paid without
straitening or ruining anybody in the form of a percentage of the
amount of property. The rich must be
aware that it is their duty to place a part of their superfluities at
the disposal of the State since the State
guarantees them security of possession of the rest of their property
and the right of honest gains, I say
honest, for the control over property will do away with robbery on a
legal basis.

4. This social reform must come from above, for the time is ripe for
it - it is indispensable as a pledge
of peace.

WE SHALL DESTROY CAPITAL

5. The tax upon the poor man is a seed of revolution and works to the detriment of the State which is
hunting after the trifling is missing the big. Quite apart from this,
a tax on capitalists diminishes the
growth of wealth in private hands in which we have in these days
concentrated it as a counterpoise to
the government strength of the GOYIM - their State finances.

6. A tax increasing in a percentage ratio to capital will give much
larger revenue than the present
individual or property tax, which is useful to us now for the sole
reason that it excites trouble and
discontent among the GOYIM.

7. The force upon which our king will rest consists in the equilibrium
and the guarantee of peace, for
the sake of which things it is indispensable that the capitalists
should yield up a portion of their
incomes for the sake of the secure working of the machinery of the
State. State needs must be paid by

those who will not feel the burden and have enough to take from.

8. Such a measure will destroy the hatred of the poor man for the
rich, in whom he will see a
necessary financial support for the State, will see in him the
organizer of peace and well-being since he
will see that it is the rich man who is paying the necessary means to
attain these things.

9. In order that payers of the educated classes should not too much
distress themselves over the new
payments they will have full accounts given them of the destination of
those payments, with the
exception of such sums as will be appropriated for the needs of the
throne and the administrative
institutions.

10. He who reigns will not have any properties of his own once all in
the State represented his
patrimony, or else the one would be in contradiction to the other; the
fact of holding private means
would destroy the right of property in the common possessions of all.

11. Relatives of him who reigns, his heirs excepted, who will be
maintained by the resources of the
State, must enter the ranks of servants of the State or must work to
obtain the right to property; the
privilege of royal blood must not serve for the spoiling of the
treasury.

12. Purchase, receipt of money or inheritance will be subject to the
payment of a stamp progressive
tax. Any transfer of property, whether money or other, without
evidence of payment of this tax which
will be strictly registered by names, will render the former holder
liable to pay interest on the tax from
the moment of transfer of these sums up to the discovery of his
evasion of declaration of the transfer.
Transfer documents must be presented weekly at the local treasury
office with notifications of the
name, surname and permanent place of residence of the former and the
new holder of the property.
This transfer with register of names must begin from a definite sum
which exceeds the ordinary
expenses of buying and selling necessaries, and these will be subject
to payment only by a stamp
impost of a definite percentage of the unit.

13. Just strike an estimate of how many times such taxes as these will
cover the revenue of the
GOYIM States.

WE CAUSE DEPRESSIONS

14. The State exchequer will have to maintain a definite complement of reserve sums, and all that is
collected above that complement must be returned into circulation. On
these sums will be organized
public works. The initiative in works of this kind, proceeding from
State sources, will blind the working
class firmly to the interests of the State and to those who reign.
From these same sums also a part will
be set aside as rewards of inventiveness and productiveness.

15. On no account should so much as a single unit above the definite
and freely estimated sums be
retained in the State Treasuries, for money exists to be circulated
and any kind of stagnation of money
acts ruinously on the running of the State machinery, for which it is
the lubricant; a stagnation of the
lubricant may stop the regular working of the mechanism.

16. The substitution of interest-bearing paper for a part of the token
of exchange has produced
exactly this stagnation. The consequences of this circumstance are
already sufficiently noticeable.

17. A court of account will also be instituted by us, and in it the
ruler will find at any moment a full
accounting for State income and expenditure, with the exception of the current monthly account, not
yet made up, and that of the preceding month, which will not yet have
been delivered.

18. The one and only person who will have no interest in robbing the
State is its owner, the ruler.

This is why his personal control will remove the possibility of
leakages of extravagances.

lg. The representative function of the ruler at receptions for the
sake of etiquette, which absorbs so
much invaluable time, will be abolished in order that the ruler may
have time for control and
consideration. His power will not then be split up into fractional
parts among time-serving favorites
who surround the throne for its pomp and splendor, and are interested
only in their own and not in
the common interests of the State.

20. Economic crises have been producer by us for the GOYIM by no other
means than the
withdrawal of money from circulation. Huge capitals have stagnated, withdrawing money from States,
which were constantly obliged to apply to those same stagnant capitals
for loans. These loans
burdened the finances of the State with the payment of interest and
made them the bond slaves of
these capitals .... The concentration of industry in the hands of
capitalists out of the hands of small
masters has drained away all the juices of the peoples and with them
also the States ....

21. The present issue of money in general does not correspond with the requirements per head, and
cannot therefore satisfy all the needs of the workers. The issue of
money ought to correspond with the
growth of population and thereby children also must absolutely be
reckoned as consumers of currency
from the day of their birth. The revision of issue is a material
question for the whole world.

22. YOU ARE AWARE THAT THE GOLD STANDARD HAS BEEN THE RUIN OF THE
STATES
WHICH ADOPTED IT, FOR IT HAS NOT BEEN ABLE TO SATISFY THE DEMANDS FOR
MONEY,
THE MORE SO THAT WE HAVE REMOVED GOLD FROM CIRCULATION AS FAR AS
POSSIBLE.

GENTILE STATES BANKRUPT

23. With us the standard that must be introduced is the cost of
working-man power, whether it be
reckoned in paper or in wood. We shall make the issue of money in
accordance with the normal
requirements of each subject, adding to the quantity with every birth
and subtracting with every death.

24. The accounts will be managed by each department (the French administrative division), each
circle.

25. In order that there may be no delays in the paying our of money
for State needs the sums and
terms of such payments will be fixed by decree of the ruler; this will
do away with the protection by a
ministry of one institution to the detriment of others.

26. The budgets of income and expenditure will be carried out side by
side that they may not be
obscured by distance one to another.

27. The reforms projected by us in the financial institutions and
principles of the GOYIM will be
clothed by us in such forms as will alarm nobody. We shall point out
the necessity of reforms in
consequence of the disorderly darkness into which the GOYIM by their irregularities have plunged the
finances. The first irregularity, as we shall point out, consists in
their beginning with drawing up a
single budget which year after year grows owing to the following
cause: this budget is dragged out to
half the year, then they demand a budget to put things right, and this
they expend in three months,
after which they ask for a supplementary budget, and all this ends
with a liquidation budget. But, as
the budget of the following year is drawn up in accordance with the
sum of the total addition, the
annual departure from the normal reaches as much as 50 per cent in a
year, and so the annual budget
is trebled in ten years. Thanks to such methods, allowed by the
carelessness of the GOY States, their
treasuries are empty. The period of loans supervenes, and that has
swallowed up remainders and
brought all the GOY States to bankruptcy.

28. You understand perfectly that economic arrangements of this kind,
which have been suggested
to the GOYIM by us, cannot be carried on by us.

29. Every kind of loan proves infirmity in the State and a want of understanding of the rights of the
State. Loans hang like a sword of Damocles over the heads of rulers,
who, instead of taking from their
subjects by a temporary tax, come begging with outstretched palm of
our bankers. Foreign loans are
leeches which there is no possibility of removing from the body of the
State until they fall off of
themselves or the State flings them off. But the GOY States do not
tear them off; they go on in
persisting in putting more on to themselves so that they must
inevitably perish, drained by voluntary
blood-letting.

TYRANNY OF USURY

30. What also indeed is, in substance, a loan, especially a foreign
loan? A loan is - an issue of
government bills of exchange containing a percentage obligation
commensurate to the sum of the loan
capital. If the loan bears a charge of 5 per cent, then in twenty
years the State vainly pays away in
interest a sum equal to the loan borrowed, in forty years it is paying
a double sum, in sixty - treble, and
all the while the debt remains an unpaid debt.

31. From this calculation it is obvious that with any form of taxation
per head the State is baling out
the last coppers of the poor taxpayers in order to settle accounts
with wealth foreigners, from whom it
has borrowed money instead of collecting these coppers for its own
needs without the additional
interest.

32. So long as loans were internal the GOYIM only shuffled their money
from the pockets of the poor
to those of the rich, but when we bought up the necessary person in
order to transfer loans into the
external sphere, all the wealth of States flowed into our cash- boxes
and all the GOYIM began to pay us
the tribute of subjects.

33. If the superficiality of GOY kings on their thrones in regard to
State affairs and the venality of
ministers or the want of understanding of financial matters on the
part of other ruling persons have
made their countries debtors to our treasuries to amounts quite
impossible to pay it has not been
accomplished without, on our part, heavy expenditure of trouble and
money.

34. Stagnation of money will not be allowed by us and therefore there
will be no State interest-
bearing paper, except a one per- cent series, so that there will be no payment of interest to leeches that
suck all the strength out of the State. The right to issue
interest-bearing paper will be given exclusively
to industrial companies who will find no difficulty in paying interest
out of profits, whereas the State
does not make interest on borrowed money like these companies, for the
State borrows to spend and
not to use in operations.

35. Industrial papers will be bought also by the government which from
being as now a paper of
tribute by loan operations will be transformed into a lender of money
at a profit. This measure will
stop the stagnation of money, parasitic profits and idleness, all of
which were useful for us among the
GOYIM so long as they were independent but are not desirable under our
rule.

36. How clear is the undeveloped power of thought of the purely brute
brains of the GOYIM, as
expressed in the fact that they have been borrowing from us with
payment of interest without ever
thinking that all the same these very moneys plus an addition for
payment of interest must be got by
them from their own State pockets in order to settle up with us. What
could have been simpler than to
take the money they wanted from their own people?

37. But it is a proof of the genius of our chosen mind that we have
contrived to present the matter of
loans to them in such a light that they have even seen in them an
advantage for themselves.

38. Our accounts, which we shall present when the time comes, in the
light of centuries of

experience gained by experiments made by us on the GOY States, will be distinguished by clearness
and definiteness and will show at a glance to all men the advantage of
our innovations. They will put
an end to those abuses to which we owe our mastery over the GOYIM, but
which cannot be allowed in
our kingdom.

39. We shall so hedge about our system of accounting that neither the
ruler nor the most
insignificant public servant will be in a position to divert even the smallest sum from its destination
without detection or to direct it in another direction except that
which will be once fixed in a definite
plan of action.

40. And without a definite plan it is impossible to rule. Marching
along an undetermined road and
with undetermined resources brings to ruin by the way heroes and
demigods.

41. The GOY rulers, whom we once upon a time advised should be
distracted from State occupations
by representative receptions, observances of etiquette,
entertainments, were only screens for our rule.
The accounts of favorite courtiers who replaced them in the sphere of
affairs were drawn up for them
by our agents, and every time gave satisfaction to short-sighted minds

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