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assassination of British Middle East Minister Lord Moyne and the
September 1948 slaying of Swedish United Nations mediator Count
Bernadotte. Years later, when Shamir was asked about the 1941 offer,
he confirmed that he was aware of his organization’s proposed alliance
with wartime Germany. /49

Conclusion

In spite of the basic hostility between the Hitler regime and
international Jewry, for several years Jewish Zionist and German
National Socialist interests coincided. In collaborating with the
Zionists for a mutually desirable and humane solution to a complex
problem, the Third Reich was willing to make foreign exchange
sacrifices, impair relations with Britain and anger the Arabs. Indeed,
during the 1930s no nation did more to substantively further
Jewish-Zionist goals than Hitler’s Germany.

Notes

1. W. Martini, “Hebräisch unterm Hakenkreuz,” Die Welt (Hamburg), Jan.
10, 1975. Cited in: Klaus Polken, “The Secret Contacts: Zionism and
Nazi Germany, 1933-1941,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Spring-Summer
1976, p. 65.

2. Quoted in: Ingrid Weckert, Feuerzeichen: Die “Reichskristallnacht” (Tübingen: Grabert, 1981), p. 212. See also: Th. Herzl, The Jewish
State (New York: Herzl Press, 1970), pp. 33, 35, 36, and, Edwin Black,
The Transfer Agreement (New York: Macmillan, 1984), p. 73.

3. Th. Herzl, “Der Kongress,” Welt, June 4, 1897. Reprinted in:
Theodor Herzls zionistische Schriften (Leon Kellner, ed.), erster
Teil, Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag, 1920, p. 190 (and p. 139).

4. Memo of June 21, 1933, in: L. Dawidowicz, A Holocaust Reader (New
York: Behrman, 1976), pp. 150-155, and (in part) in: Francis R.
Nicosia, The Third Reich and the Palestine Question (Austin: Univ. of
Texas, 1985), p. 42.; On Zionism in Germany before Hitler’s assumption
of power, see: Donald L. Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany (Baton
Rouge: 1980), pp. 94-95, 126-131, 140-143.; F. Nicosia, Third Reich
(Austin: 1985), pp. 1-15.

5. Jüdische Rundschau (Berlin), June 13, 1933. Quoted in: Heinz Höhne,
The Order of the Death’s Head (New York: Ballantine, pb., 1971, 1984),
pp. 376-377.

6. Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head (Ballantine, 1971,
1984), p. 376.

7. “Berlin,” Encyclopaedia Judaica (New York and Jerusalem: 1971),
Vol. 5, p. 648. For a look at one aspect of this “vigorous life,” see:
J.-C. Horak, “Zionist Film Propaganda in Nazi Germany,” Historical
Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1984, pp. 49-58.

8. Francis R. Nicosia, The Third Reich and the Palestine Question
(1985), pp. 54-55.; Karl A. Schleunes, The Twisted Road to Auschwitz
(Urbana: Univ. of Illinois, 1970, 1990), pp. 178-181.

9. Jacob Boas, “A Nazi Travels to Palestine,” History Today (London),
January 1980, pp. 33-38.

10. Facsimile reprint of front page of Das Schwarze Korps, May 15,
1935, in: Janusz Piekalkiewicz, Israels Langer Arm (Frankfurt:
Goverts, 1975), pp. 66-67. Also quoted in: Heinz Höhne, The Order of
the Death’s Head (Ballantine, 1971, 1984), p. 377. See also: Erich
Kern, ed., Verheimlichte Dokumente (Munich: FZ-Verlag, 1988), p. 184.

11. as Schwarze Korps, Sept. 26, 1935. Quoted in: F. Nicosia, The
Third Reich and the Palestine Question (1985), pp. 56-57.

12. Lenni Brenner, Zionism in the Age of the Dictators (1983), p. 83.

13. F. Nicosia, The Third Reich and the Palestine Question (1985), p.
60. See also: F. Nicosia, “The Yishuv and the Holocaust,” The Journal
of Modern History (Chicago), Vol. 64, No. 3, Sept. 1992, pp. 533-540.

14. F. Nicosia, The Third Reich and the Palestine Question (1985), p.
57.

15. Jüdische Rundschau, Sept. 17, 1935. Quoted in: Yitzhak Arad, with
Y. Gutman and A. Margaliot, eds., Documents on the Holocaust
(Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1981), pp. 82-83.

16. Der Angriff, Dec. 23, 1935, in: E. Kern, ed., Verheimlichte
Dokumente (Munich: 1988), p. 148.; F. Nicosia, Third Reich (1985), p.
56.; L. Brenner, Zionism in the Age of the Dictators (1983), p. 138.;
A. Margaliot, “The Reaction…,” ad Vashem Studies (Jerusalem), vol. 12,
1977, pp. 90-91.; On Kareski’s remarkable career, see: H. Levine, “A
Jewish Collaborator in Nazi Germany,” Central European History
(Atlanta), Sept. 1975, pp. 251-281.

17. “Dr. Wise Urges Jews to Declare Selves as Such,” New York Herald
Tribune, June 13, 1938, p. 12.

18. F. Nicosia, The Third Reich (1985), p. 53.

19. Lucy Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945 (New York:
Bantam, pb., 1976), pp. 253-254.; Max Nussbaum, “Zionism Under
Hitler,” Congress Weekly (New York: American Jewish Congress), Sept.
11, 1942.; F. Nicosia, The Third Reich (1985), pp. 58-60, 217.; Edwin
Black, The Transfer Agreement (1984), p. 175.

20. H. Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head (Ballantine, pb., 1984),
pp. 380-382.; K. Schleunes, Twisted Road (1970, 1990), p. 226.; Secret
internal SS intelligence report about F. Polkes, June 17, 1937, in:
John Mendelsohn, ed., The Holocaust (New York: Garland, 1982), vol. 5,
pp. 62-64.

21. F. Nicosia, Third Reich (1985), pp. 63-64, 105, 219-220.

22. F. Nicosia, Third Reich (1985), p. 160.

23. This distinction is also implicit in the “Balfour Declaration” of
November 1917, in which the British government expressed support for
“a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine, while carefully
avoiding any mention of a Jewish state. Referring to the majority Arab population there, the Declaration went on to caution, “…it being
clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the
civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in
Palestine.” The complete text of the Declaration is reproduced in
facsimile in: Robert John, Behind the Balfour Declaration (IHR, 1988),
p. 32.

24. F. Nicosia, Third Reich (1985), p. 121.

25. F. Nicosia, Third Reich (1985), p. 124.

26. David Yisraeli, The Palestine Problem in German Politics 1889-1945 (Bar-Ilan University, Israel, 1974), p. 300.; Also in: Documents on
German Foreign Policy, Series D, Vol. 5. Doc. No. 564 or 567.

27. K. Schleunes, The Twisted Road (1970, 1990), p. 209.

28. Circular of January 25, 1939. Nuremberg document 3358-PS.
International Military Tribunal, Trial of the Major War Criminals
Before the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg: 1947-1949),
vol. 32, pp. 242-243. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (Washington, DC: 1946-1948), vol. 6, pp. 92-93.

29. F. Nicosia, Third Reich (1985), pp. 141-144.; On Hitler’s critical
view of Zionism in Mein Kampf, see esp. Vol. 1, Chap. 11. Quoted in:
Robert Wistrich, Hitler’s Apocalypse (London: 1985), p. 155.; See
also: F. Nicosia, Third Reich (1985), pp. 26-28.; Hitler told his army
adjutant in 1939 and again in 1941 that he had asked the British in
1937 about transferring all of Germany’s Jews to Palestine or Egypt.
The British rejected the proposal, he said, because it would cause
further disorder. See: H. v. Kotze, ed., Heeresadjutant bei Hitler
(Stuttgart: 1974), pp. 65, 95.

30. F. Nicosia, Third Reich (1985), pp. 156, 160-164, 166-167.; H.
Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head (Ballantine, pb., 1984), pp.
392-394.; Jon and David Kimche, The Secret Roads (London: Secker and
Warburg, 1955), pp. 39-43. See also: David Yisraeli, “The Third Reich
and Palestine,” Middle Eastern Studies, October 1971, p. 347.; Bernard Wasserstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945 (1979), pp. 43,
49, 52, 60.; T. Kelly, “Man who fooled Nazis,” Washington Times, April
28, 1987, pp. 1B, 4B. Based on interview with Willy Perl, author of
The Holocaust Conspiracy.

31. Y. Arad, et al., eds., Documents On the Holocaust (1981), p. 155.
(The training kibbutz was at Neuendorf, and may have functioned even
after March 1942.)

32. On the Agreement in general, see: Werner Feilchenfeld, et al., Haavara-Transfer nach Palaestina (Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1972).;
David Yisraeli, “The Third Reich and the Transfer Agreement,” Journal
of Contemporary History (London), No. 2, 1971, pp. 129-148.;
“Haavara,” Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971), vol. 7, pp. 1012-1013.; F.
Nicosia, The Third Reich and the Palestine Question (Austin: 1985),
pp. 44-49.; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New
York: Holmes and Meier, 1985), pp. 140-141.; The Transfer Agreement,
by Edwin Black, is detailed and useful. However, it contains numerous inaccuracies and wildly erroneous conclusions. See, for example, the
review by Richard S. Levy in Commentary, Sept. 1984, pp. 68-71.

33. E. Black, The Transfer Agreement (1984), pp. 328, 337.

34. On opposition to the Haavara in official German circles, see: W. Feilchenfeld, et al., Haavara-Transfer nach Palaestina (1972), pp.
31-33.; D. Yisraeli, “The Third Reich,” Journal of Contemporary
History, 1971, pp. 136-139.; F. Nicosia, The Third Reich and the
Palestine Question, pp. 126-139.; I. Weckert, Feuerzeichen (1981), pp. 226-227.; Rolf Vogel, Ein Stempel hat gefehlt (Munich: Droemer Knaur,
1977), pp. 110 ff.

35. W. Feilchenfeld, et al., Haavara-Transfer (1972), p. 31. Entire
text in: David Yisraeli, The Palestine Problem in German Politics
1889-1945 (Israel: 1974), pp. 298-300.

36. Interior Ministry internal memo (signed by State Secretary W.
Stuckart), Dec. 17, 1937, in: Helmut Eschwege, ed., Kennzeichen J
(Berlin: 1966), pp. 132-136.

37. W. Feilchenfeld, et al, Haavara-Transfer (1972), p. 32.

38. E. Black, Transfer Agreement, pp. 376-377.

39. E. Black, Transfer Agreement (1984), pp. 376, 378.; F. Nicosia,
Third Reich (1985), pp. 238-239 (n. 91).

40. E. Black, Transfer Agreement, p. 379.; F. Nicosia, Third Reich,
pp. 212, 255 (n. 66).

41. W. Feilchenfeld, et al., Haavara-Transfer, p. 75.; “Haavara,”
Encyclopaedia Judaica, (1971), Vol. 7, p. 1013.

42. E. Black, Transfer Agreement, pp. 379, 373, 382.

43. Circular of January 25, 1939. Nuremberg document 3358-PS.
International Military Tribunal, Trial of the Major War Criminals
Before the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg: 1947-1949),
Vol. 32, pp. 242-243.

44. Werner Feilchenfeld, et al., Haavara-Transfer nach Palaestina
(Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1972). Quoted in: Ingrid Weckert,
Feuerzeichen (Tübingen: Grabert, 1981), pp. 222-223.

45. W. Feilchenfeld, et al., Haavara-Transfer nach Palaestina(1972).
Quoted in: I. Weckert, euerzeichen (1981), p. 224.

46. Original document in German Auswärtiges Amt Archiv, Bestand 47-59,
E 224152 and E 234155-58. (Photocopy in author’s possession).;
Complete original German text published in: David Yisraeli, The
Palestine Problem in German Politics 1889-1945 (Israel: 1974), pp.
315-317. See also: Klaus Polkhen, “The Secret Contacts,” Journal of
Palestine Studies, Spring-Summer 1976, pp. 78-80.; (At the time this
offer was made, Stern’s Lehi group still regarded itself as the true Irgun/NMO.)

47. Arab nationalists opposed Britain, which then dominated much of
the Arab world, including Egypt, Iraq and Palestine. Because Britain
and Germany were at war, Germany cultivated Arab support. The leader
of Palestine’s Arabs, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin
el-Husseini, worked closely with Germany during the war years. After
escaping from Palestine, he spoke to the Arab world over German radio
and helped raise Muslim recruits in Bosnia for the Waffen SS.

48. Israel Shahak, “Yitzhak Shamir, Then and Now,” Middle East Policy (Washington, DC), Vol. 1, No. 1, (Whole No. 39), 1992, pp. 27-38.;
Yehoshafat Harkabi, Israel’s Fateful Hour (New York: Harper and Row,
1988), pp. 213-214. Quoted in: Andrew J. Hurley, Israel and the New
World Order (Santa Barbara, Calif.: 1991), pp. 93, 208-209.; Avishai
Margalit, “The Violent Life of Yitzhak Shamir,” New York Review of
Books, May 14, 1992, pp. 18-24.; Lenni Brenner, Zionism in the Age of
the Dictators (1983), pp. 266-269.; L. Brenner, Jews in America Today
(1986), pp. 175-177.; L. Brenner, “Yitzhak Shamir: On Hitler’s Side,”
Arab Perspectives (League of Arab States), March 1984, pp. 11-13.

49. Avishai Margalit, “The Violent Life of Yitzhak Shamir,” New York
Review of Books, May 14, 1992, pp. 18-24.; Lenni Brenner, Zionism in
the Age of the Dictators (1983), pp. 266-269.; L. Brenner, Jews in
America Today (1986), pp. 175-177.; L. Brenner, “Skeletons in Shamir’s Cupboard,” Middle East International, Sept. 30, 1983, pp. 15-16.; Sol
Stern, L. Rapoport, “Israel’s Man of the Shadows,” Village Voice (New
York), July 3, 1984, pp. 13 ff.

From The Journal of Historical Review, July-August 1993 (Vol. 13, No.
4), pages 29-37.

Mark Weber studied history at the University of Illinois (Chicago),
the University of Munich, Portland State University and Indiana
University (M.A., 1977). In March 1988 he testified for five days in
Toronto District Court as a recognized expert witness on Germany’s
wartime Jewish policy and the Holocaust issue.

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